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Corporation 


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33  WEST  MAIN  STREET 

WEBSTER,  N.Y.  14580 

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L4> 


CIHM/ICMH 

Microfiche 

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CIHM/ICMH 
Collection  de 
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Canadian  institute  for  Historical  Microreproductions  /  Institut  Canadian  de  microreproductions  historiques 


:^ 


Technical  and  Bibliographic  Notes/Notes  tachniquas  at  bibliographiquas 


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n 


Coloured  covers/ 
Couverture  de  couleur 


I      I    Covers  damaged/ 


D 


n 


Couverture  endommag^o 

Covers  restored  and/or  laminated/ 
Couverture  restaur^  et/ou  pelliculAe 

Cover  title  missing/ 

Le  titre  de  couverture  manque 

Coloured  maps/ 

Cartbs  gAographiques  en  couleur 

Coloured  ink  (i.e.  other  than  blue  or  black)/ 
Encre  de  couleur  (i.e.  autre  que  bleue  ou  noire) 


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Bound  with  other  material/ 
Relii  avec  d'autres  documents 


D 


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nn    Coloured  pages/ 


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V 


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Transparence 


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Includes  supplementary  material/ 
Comprend  du  materiel  supplementaire 

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D 


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Ce  document  est  film6  au  taux  de  reduction  indiquA  ci-dessous. 
10X  14X  isx  22X 


y 


12X 


16X 


20X 


24X 


28X 


32X 


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first  page  with  a  printed  or  illustrated  impres- 
sion, and  ending  on  the  last  page  with  a  printed 
or  illustrated  impression. 


The  last  recorded  frame  on  each  microfiche 
shall  contain  the  symbol  — ►  (meaning  "CON- 
TINUED"), or  the  symbol  V  (meaning  "END"), 
whichever  applies. 

i\/laps,  plates,  charts,  etc.,  may  be  filmed  at 
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method: 


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gAnArosit*  da: 

Douglas  Library 
Queen's  University 

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plus  grand  soln,  compte  tenu  de  la  condition  et 
de  la  nettet*  de  I'exemplaire  fllm«,  et  en 
conformity  avec  les  conditions  du  contrat  de 
fllmage. 

Les  exemplaires  originaux  dont  la  couverture  en 
papier  est  imprlm«e  sont  fllmte  en  commenpant 
par  Ie  premier  plat  et  en  terminant  soit  par  la 
dernlAre  page  qui  comporte  une  emprelnte 
d'impresslon  ou  d'illustration,  soit  par  Ie  second 
plat,  salon  ie  cas.  Tous  les  autres  exemplaires 
originaux  sont  fllmfo  en  commen^ant  par  la 
premiere  page  qui  comporte  une  emprelnte 
d'impresslon  ou  d'illustration  et  en  terminant  par 
la  derniAre  page  qui  comporte  une  telle 
emprelnte. 

Un  des  symboies  suivants  apparaftra  sur  la 
dernlAre  image  de  cheque  microfiche,  selon  Ie 
cas:  Ie  symboie  — *>  signifie  "A  SUIVRE",  Ie 
symbols  V  signifie  "FIN". 

Les  cartes,  planches,  tableaux,  etc.,  peuvent  Atre 
fllmte  A  des  taux  de  reduction  diff^rents. 
Lorsque  Ie  document  est  trop  grand  pour  Atre 
reprodult  en  un  seul  cllch4, 11  est  f  ilm«  A  partir 
de  I'angle  supArieur  gauche,  de  gauche  A  droite, 
et  de  haut  en  bas,  en  prenant  Ie  nombre 
d'images  nAcessalre.  Les  diagrammes  suivants 
lllustrent  la  mtthode. 


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2 

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THE 


POE'TIC'AL  GEOGRAPHY, 

m$  M  DBBIOKBD     TO    AOCOMPANT 

OUTLINE   MAPS    QE   SCHOOL  ATLASES. 

TO  WHICH  ARE  ADDED  THE  RULES  OE  ARITHMETIC  IN  RHYME. 


BY    GEORGE    VAN    WATERS 


«^j!|aw\^jgs^'    ■*ii(]yi^'uu,^fliw>M'i ..I.-  - '-—••^ 

■gE^^^BB!^Vi>^ 

r 

^s^^ 

4 

■■«. 

The  town*  and  mountains  whicli  beneaOt  io»  itood. 
And  rivers  rolling  to  the  dwrlt-blue  flood, 
And  islM  and  lakes  as  they  were  spread  to  me, 
I  »U  aing  and  bind  upon  thy  memory : 
Haishwunds  in  smooth  uubroken  lines  shall  gUde 
As  free  and  easy  as  the  sparkUng  tide. 

■--"'■. 

PUBLISHED    AT 

frr^T„»xT>T  A  mr  t»TTTT  ATkVTPTTTA    WARTFORT).  NEW  YORK.  AND  BOSTON. 

1850. 


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To  Aoae  who  have  notjthe  thilB  to  torn  ow  a  large  volume,  who  are  not  preju- 
diced  ftam^  improvemeAta  in  ecience  and  lit#ature,  who  would  learn  the  leading 
feature,  of  a  very  difficult  branch  and  keep  it  in  the  memory,  who  have  a-  relish  for 
the  novel,  and  a  curioBity  to  know  some  of  the  most  important  and  striking  charac- 
teristics  of  nature  and  art;  in  a  word,  all  unprejudiced  and  generous  minds,  to 
such,  this  work  is  respectfully  dedicated  and  inscribed  by  their 

Humble  Servant, 

THE  AUTHOR, 

who  haa  spared  meither  time  nor  labor  to  make  it  useful  and  interesting. 


BK»d,  icoo«diiig  to  Ac*  of  OoiV^ »«» «»•  7«  **"•  ^ 

CUBOBQE  VAN  WATERS, 

ki  the  Gmk',  Offl«  of  «ie  DUtriet  Co«t  of  th.  United  Stite.,  for  the  District  of  Ohk,. 


lAimkeo^ 


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PREFACE. 


L 


Oms  of  tSw  extravagances  of  authors,  ia,  in  flattering  themselves  that  Uieir  own  productiont 
are  sttperi«r  to  those  of  th«ir  rivals,  and  many,  to  make  it  appear  more  obvious  than  it  may  be, 
essay  to  tufn  the  public  favor  from  their  competitor's  merits,  by  defects  real  or  pretended,  which 
they  are  careful  to  exhibit ;  presenting  their  own  at  the  same  lime,  ir  their  most  brilliant  colors. 

But,  avoiding  this  extreme,  the  Author  of  this  work  would  ask  leave  only  to  shol^  the  need 
and  wortli  of  a  rhyming  system,  in  securing  a  knowledge  of  the  branch  here  treated  of,  and 
leave  others  to  decide  how  far  he  has  succeeded  in  the  formation  of  such. 

That  proper  names  are  more  difficult  to  retain  in  the  memory,  than  common,  is  almost 
superfluous  to  mention.  In  acquiring  general  terms,  or  in  the  study  of  lanmiase,  the  continual 
repetition  of  the  same  words,  and  our  familiarity  with  the  subjects  to  whidi  they  are  applied, 
renders  it  less  difficult  to  the  memory,  than  in  learning  proper  names  that  are  fixed  to 
denote  one  tiling  only,  and  never  occur  unless  the  objects  or  thmgs  for  which  they  stand  are 
particulariied^ 

Geography  is  a  branch  that  is  studied  by  nearly  all — but  how  few  among  the  vast  niunber, 
who  spend  years  in  acquiring  a  knowledge  of  it,  ever  retain  or  remember  it. 

But  the  defect  is  not  to  be  attributed  to  the  works  studied,  but  to  the  poverty  of  memory ; 
the  retentive  powers  of  the  mind  are  not  endowed  with  energies  competent  to  the  task  of 
sustaining  so  cumbrous  a  load ;  some  mechanical  aid  is  requisite,  and  hence  tibe  utility  of  a 
work  of  the  present  kind. 

The  passions  and  sympathies  of  tho  juvenile  mind  appear  to  be  fully  blown  and  matured 
when  the  understanding  and  reason  are  yet  in  the  bud ;  and  that  which  is  addressed  to  the 
former,  at  that  early  age,  is  more  pleasing  and  impressive  than  that  which  represents  itself  to 
the  latter ;  and  thus  it  is  that  poetry,  from  the  emotions  and  feehngs  which  it  excites  m  the 
premature  element,  is  taken  cognisance  of  more  readily  than  things  of  a  different  nature. 

It  is  this  that  has  held  its  superior  claim  in  ages  past  over  all  of  the  other  Arts ;  and  they 
who  traverse  her  fields,  traverse  the  fields  of  nature — fields  whose  beauties  attract,  and  whose 
imagery  excites  pleasure  and  admiration.  Its  command  over  the  muid  is  from  infancy  to  old 
age ;  the  prattler  soothed  by  the  lullaby — the  youth  elated  by  the  rhyme  and  song  when  a 
disrelish  is  ^vinced  for  every  other  thing  of  a  literary  nature — and  the  middle  aged,  and  old, 
enraptured  by  the  sentimental  and  sublime,  are  striking  manifestations. 

The  author  has  endeavored  to  circumscribe  in  as  small  a  space  as  possible,  the  matter  here 
presented,  and  by  so  doing,  has  sacrificed  ornament  to  brevity,  which  is  the  leading  characteristic 

•of  the  work. 

From  the  different  pronunciations  that  names  admit  of,  and  the  unsettled  difference  among 
the  learned  and  unlearned,  as  to  their  correct  orthoepy,  the  manner  of  pronunciation  here,  may 
by  many,  be  deemed  imperfect,  and  by  a  different  pronunciation,  render  many  of  the  lines 
prosaic  and  disproportionate  in  measure,  which  will  doubtless  be  an  objection  offered  to  the 
reception  of  Uie  work ;  but  such  an  objection  would  be  unjust  and  unwarrantable  ;  it  would  be 
utterly  impossible  to  establish  a  system  of  orthoepy,  which  would  be  sanctioned  by  all.  That 
of  the  present  work  is  founded  principally  on  the  authority  of  Baldwin,  Worcester,  and  Morse — 
and  if  theirs  be  adhered  to,  no  irregularities  of  smmd  or  quantity  will  be  discernible. 

The  following,  from  Joseph  K.  Worcester,  will  serve  to  show  the  impossibility  of  estabUshiog 
a  uniform  system  of  pronunciation  of  foreign  names,  and  also,  the  hi^h  claims  af  Common 
Custom  (and  it  might  be  said  with  propriety,  "  Common  Sense"),  in  setthng  this  matter. 

••  There  can  be  no  doubt  but  that  geographical  names,  which  assume  such  different  forms  In 
different  languages,  should  be  pronounced  differently  by  the  inhabitants  of  different  countries, 
and  in  accordance  with  the  analogies  of  their  respective  languages.  All  the  common  gec^ph- 
icai  names,  such  as  are  familiar  to  ail  inieiUgtsiit  persons,  nave  become  more  or  iess  AnguciEea, 
and  their  pronunciation  is  more  or  less  conformed  to  the  English  analogy.    Many  of  these 


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PREFACE. 


wnnlii  mar  be  considered  as  perfectly  Anglicwed,  and  are  pronovmced  as  common  KadisH^ 
Z^    b?t  Ibere  a^anr^S^t  are  only  partially  Anglicizecf  and  w^th  regard  to  such^^it  * 
Xn  diffim.lt  to  detennine^ow  far.  in  pronouncing  tkem,  the  Eng^h  analogy  should  be 

"^^^  Wth^rK  to  the  class  of  words  wWch  are  partially  Anglici^d.  there  is  a  g^^a*  d^versHy 
m  thrmannTof  pronouncing  them.  Some  respectable  speakers  mclme  to  pronounce  them  for 
Se  mrS^  Sng  to  L  English  analogy,  while  otLrs  asp^e  to  pronounce  them  as  they 
aie  P^<Sd  m  the  several  languages  to  which  they  appertain ;  and  there  are  many  cases 
fawfe^ftb  Sacult  to  determine  wTiicS  is  most  to  be  approved,  the  English  or  foreign  meAod  ; 
S^i^JiSKl Ttween  the  iwa  extreme,  may  be  regar<fed  generally  a»  a  judie.ou»  eo«rse. 


DIRECTIONS  fOR  THE  LEARNER, 

The  manner  of  learmng  this  work,  should  be  to  commit  the  poetical  part  perfertlrto  mcfflory, 
wii  Oif  Se  or  cSn  school  maps  before  the  pupil,  to  hx  the  locations  m  his  mmd. 

The  pwU  sho^d  be  required  to  transpose  the  sentences  mto  |^rose.  and  should  become  so 
f«^^S  2  subject,  that  an  answer  could  be  given  «  to  t^  locataon  of  a  place,  or  for 
wZuT iTnoted.  withiut  having  to  repeat  the  poetiy.  The^  pronuncmUoa  should  be  tho«>ushly 
8tedi«d«  for  without  ihia,  rbyihm  and  measure  are  both  lost. 


ITEMS  AND  FACTS, 

1 .  This  work  is  not  intended  as  an  independent  Work,  but  is  made  to  aceorapany 
any  of  the  common  school  geographies  and  atlases. 

2  It  can  be  learned  by  children,  and  in  fact  by  all,  to  a  gre^rter  advantage  than 
any  other.    It  combines  the  useful  with  the  agreeable. 

3  It  is  not  calculated  to  supersede  any  of  the  school  geographies,  or  make  a 
chaige  of  school  books,  but  is  designed  as  an  accompamment  to  them. 

4.  It  is  calculated  for  old  and  young,  learned  and  unlearned,  for  the  mfeut  school 

*"6  *lf  anytok  the  task  too  great,  to  commit  the  whole  of  the  work  tomcm- 
-ry.'let  them  learn  parts  of  it,  such  as  the  towns,  or  the  rivers  of  the  country  they 
'^e  most  interested  in.  An  old  Arabic  proverb  runs  thus:  "Because  you  cannot 
qArnrp  the  whole.  lose  not  the  whole."  _    ^       ^ 

T  A  knowlSge  of  geography  can  be  obtained  from  this  worfi  in  less  tiran  a  quarter 

of  ike  time,  that  it  can  be  from  any  other.  «  ,       •     ,  v-      • 

7   In  writing  this  work,  recourse  has  been  had  to  all  the  school  geographies  in 
U86,'  as  well  as  historicB,  books  of  travel,  gazetteers,  cyclopedias,  &e. 


^v 


4 


» 


4 


INTRODUCTION- 


Away  into  a  grove  young  Alva  strayed, 
Hifl  task  to  learn  beneath  the  cooling  shade; 
Before  him  lay  an  Atlas  open  wide, 
Where  towns  and  mountains  stood  on  every  side; 
Long  on  its  page  his  studious  mind  was  placed. 
But  dark  Forgetfulness  each  name  defaced ; 
At  length  discouraged,  sorrow  o'er  him  press'd, 
And  a  deep  sigh  came  from  his  laboring  breast, 
When  lo !  a  seraph  stood  before  his  face. 
And  beamed  with  radiance  of  celestial  grace ; 
In  his  right  hand  a  golden  lyre  he  held, 
And  'mid  ambrosial  cloud«  poised  o'er  the  field ; 
The  astonished  boy  could  scarce  his  presence  brook, 
While  the  fair  Spirit  thus  his  errand  spoke : 

"I  am  a  traveler,  on  my  aerial  way,      ^ 
Across  the  gulf  of  vast  immensity 
I  speed  my  course,  and  in  a  moment  paM, 
From  star  to  star— from  wortd  to  universe. 
Creation's  farthest  skirts  I  have  beheld. 
And  marshalled  o'er  her  wide  unbounded  field ; 
And  when  I  winged  the  vast  profound  of  space. 
This  world  remote  reared  up  her  clayey  face ; 
With  rapid  flight,  upon  extended  oars 
I  came  and  circled  round  her  terrene  shores- 
All  I  beheld— but  ere  I  passed  away 
To  other  worlds,  I  cast  mine  eyes  on  thee. 
f  saw  the  tear  roii  from  thy  sparkling  eye, 
And  why  it  rolled,  I  need  not  ask  thee  why ; 


J 


VI 


INTRODUCTION. 


I've  come,  my  boy,  to  wipe  the  falling  tears, 

And  give  an  opiate  for  thy  grief  and  feara  : 

The  towns  and  mountains  which  beneath  me  stood, 

And  rivers  rolling  to  the  dark-blue  flood, 

And  isles  and  lakes  as  they  were  spread  to  me, 

I  '11  sing  and  bind  upon  thy  memory : 

Harsh  sounds  in  smooth  unbroken  lines  shall  glide 

As  free  and  easy  as  the  sparkling  tide. 

When  first  I  launched  me  down  the  ethereal  sky, 
GolumlMft's  shores  were  spread  before  mine  eye 
In  dusky  features,  for  the  orb  of  day  ^_ 
Blazed  on  the  antipodes,  the  other  way, 
And  the  pale  moon,  fair  empress  of  the  night. 
Sat  veiled  in  glory,  on  her  chariot  bright. 
And  now  of  that,  which  lay  beneath  my  wing, 
Harp,  raise  thine  airs,  and  aid  me  as  I  sing." 
Thus  having  said,  he  struck  his  heavenly  lyre, 
And  sang  in  accents  of  celestial  fire. 


1 


J 


THE 


POETICAL   GEOGRAPHY. 


I. -GEOGRAPHICAL   DEFINITIONS. 


fc7 


Cteoffraptay. 

The  aarfece  of  the  Earth,  with  all  its  tribeis 
Of  sea  and  land,  Greography  describes. 

Tlie  Eartli. 

This  Earth  is  but  a  mighty  ball  profound. 
Just  five  and  twenty  thousand  miles  around ; 
One  fourth  the  surface  of  this  globe  is  land ; 
Three  foorths  are  water,  as  you  understand. 


ProM  Definitions. 

Geography— Geography  is  a  description  of  th« 

"  The  earth^rs  a  large  ball,  the  diameter  Of  which  i«  eight  thou- 
sand  miles,  and  the  circumference, or  distance  aiwund  it,  twenty. 

^One'founh"  of  the  sorfaco  of  tha  earth  )•  land,  and  the  other 
three  fourths  water.  j  .u    . .- . 

The  earth  is  one  of  the  planets  that  revolve  around  the  aun , 
which  circuit  it  performs  once  in  a  year.  It  turiui  round  upon 
u"  axis  once  in  twenty  four  hour^  Hi  distance  from  the  tan  i> 
ninety  five  millions  of  milea. 


II. -DIVISIONS    OF    LAND. 


Divisions. 

Of  land,  and  its  divisions,  read  the  stoiies; 
Peninsulfu,  dmimmts,  Islands,  Prommiartet, 
And  hthmitses  and  Capes,  and  Mountains  high. 
Volcanoes,  Shores,  and  Daserts,  wet  and  dry. 

The  Land  is  divided  into  Continents,  lelanda, 

Promontories,  IsUimuses,  Capes,  Mountains,  Volcanoes,  Shorei, 

The  surface  of  land,  to  the  surfcee  of  water,  is  I  lo  4 ;  but 
(he  cubic  proportions  ara  uulcuown. 


Continents. 

A  Continent  is  a  vast  extent  of  land, 
Where  rivers  run  and  boundless  plains  expand , 
Wher*  mountains  rise— where  towns  and  citiea  grow, 
And  nations  live,  and  all  their  care  bealow. 
Two  continents  only,  on  this  globe  are  seen — 
Eastern  and  Western,  are  Uieir  names  (I  ween)  ; 
The  Eastern  Continent,  we  ace,  divide 
In  Eunxpe,  Africa,  anJ  Asia  wide. 

me    wcsicni  •^utiimzTit  TTT  srt-.i.  — —J 

Where  North  ond  SmUh  America  unfold. 


W 


If   -A 


8 


POETICAL    GEOGRAPHY 


A  Continent  is  a  yaat  extent   of   land,  not 

4iTid*d  by  water. 

There  are  two  oontinent*— the  E««ern  and  Weetern.  The 
Eastern  Continent  eompri»B«  Kurope,  Ana,  anil  Ainca.  The 
WMtern  Continent  eompriiea  North  aad  South  America. 

Islands. 

Mandi,  upon  all  sides,  the  waves  surround ; 
In  riTws,  Iskcs,  and  seas,  and  oceans  found. 
An  Island  is  a  portion  of  land,  surrounded  by 

water;  ai,  Long  Ulaud,  Ule  of  France,  Ule  of  .Vlau.  Iceland, 
Ireland,  &«. 

Pentntulas. 

A  Peninsula,  the  dark  sea  wave  entwines, 
Save  by  some  neck  that  to  the  main  land  joina 
A  narrow  portion  of  land,  extending  into  the 

Ma,  if  called  a  Peninsula;  as,  Malacca,  California,  &c. 

Mountains. 

Mountains  are  high  and  aiavated  land, 
That  rises  o'er  the  urovinoe,  dark  and  grand. 
A  Mountain  is  a  high  elevation  of  land,  that 

rite*  aboTe  the  lurroundtng  country :  at,  MaunI  Sinai,  Mount 
HoK  oke,  the  White  Mouniuinf,  fcc.  The  top  of  a  mouniain  is 
called  the  sammit)  ihe  bottom  is  the  foot,  or  base.  When  the 
land  rises  to  a  small  hight,  it  is  called  a  AiU.  The  space  betwsea 
two  hills  or  mountains  is  ealled  a  valley. 

When  the  land  is  flat  and  level,  it  is  called  a  plain.  ExW"- 
•tve  plains  are  called,in  the  United  States,  prairies;  as,  Rock 
Prairie,  in  Rock  county,  Wisconsin.  lu  South  America,  they 
mre  called  pampas  or  lianas.  In  Asia,  steppes ;  as,  the  Steppes 
of  Issim,  in  the  southwesMrn  part  of  Siberia. 

Valleys. 

ValleyB  are  spaces  'tween  the  mountains  spread, 
Safe  from  the  storm  that  scathes  Ihe  mountain's  head. 


Valleys  are  spaces  between  mountains,  or  hills. 

They  are  sotnet.mas  called  vales. 

Yolcanoes. 

Voleanoes,  from  tiieir  craters,  vomit  Are, 
And  smoke  and  lava,  in  a  stream,  mest  iKre. 

Volcanoes   are  mountains  that  send  forth  fire 

and  Kmokii  from  their  tops,  anil  sometimes  mi'lifd  Monus.  The 
opening;  in  tiie  lop.  is  culled  ihe  cratrr  The  iliscliargi:  of 
melted  mailer,  is  culled  an  tntpUon.  The  niuller  thrown  out, 
is  culled  lava. 

Capes. 

A  point  of  land  extending  in  the  sea. 
Is  called  a  Cape ;  as  Cape  Romania. 

Promontories. 

When  high  above  the  waves,  or  dark  seas  hoary. 
The  proud  Cape  hangs,  't  is  called  a  Fromontury. 

A  Cape  is  a  point  of  land  extending  into  the 

•ea ;  as  Cape  Horn,  Cape  Ann,  &e. 
A  high  Cape  is  n  Pronoutory. 

Deserts. 

A  Desert  is  a  vast  and  sandy  plain. 
Where  sweeps  the  simoom  and  the  hurricane, 
Where  vegetation  neither  grows  nor  thrives, 
Where  nothing  finds  repose,  and  no  one  lives. 

A  Desert  is  a  vast  and  sandy  plain,  destitute  of 

vegetation;  as  Sahara  in  Africa.  Attacama  in  South  America. 
A  fertile  spot  in  a  Desert  is  ealled  an  Oas-is;  as  the  Oasis 
of  Fezzaii  in  Sahara.    These  Oases  in  tlie  DeserU  serve  as 
resting  placss  for  caravans  that  cross  them. 


i 


V 


\ 


% 


7*«^.. 


^1 


III. -DIVISIONS    OF    WATER. 


f 


The  Water  next,  of  this  great  globe  we  mention, 
Of  Seas  and  Ocearu  first,  of  vast  extension. 
Then  Arehipelagoea,  and  Gulfi,  and  Bays, 
And  Lakes  and  Channels,  next  the  eye  surveys. 
And  Sounds,  and  Friths,  and  Roads,  and  Harbors  too, 
With  Rivers  rolling  to  the  dark  seas  blue. 
The  Water  is  divided  into  Oceans,  Seas,  Gulfs, 

Bays,  Archipslagoes,  Lakes,  Channels, St raiu.  Harbors,  Roads, 
Havens,  Sm. 

Oceans. 


An  Oceem  is  a  vast  extent  of  brine, 

Or  salt  sea  water,  boundless  and  sublime. 

marated  by  mna;  as  the  Atlantic  and  Pac'«c  Ocean. 

The  Ocean  goes  by  different  names,  as  the  Mam,  Sea,  Deep, 


Seas. 

Seas  are  large  bodies  of  the  briny  tide. 
By  land  encircled  round  on  every  side. 
A  Sea  is  a  collection  of  salt  water  surrounded 

by  laud ;  as  the  Caspian  Sea. 

Arcliipelagoes. 

A  Sea  filled  full  of  Islands,  well  you  know. 
Is  always  called  an  Archipelago. 

A  Sea  filled  full  of  Islands  is  called  an  Archi- 
pelago; as  the  Greciau  Arehipelago. 

eulfk,  or  Bays. 

A  Gtilf  or  Buy,  is  when  the  waves  expand 
To  wide  extent,  encroaching  on  the  land. 
When  the  sea,  or  water  extends  up  into  the 

it  is  cnlleU  »  Gulf  or  Bay ;   as  tlm  Bay  of  Fuudy,  Gulf  of 


land 
Bothni 


,  tie. 


An  tjcean  lo 

separated  by  land ; 


Brine,  he. 


lAkes. 

liskcs  are  firesh  water  Seas,  and  always  found, 
By  land  compassed  upon  all  sides  around. 
A  Lake  is  a  botiy  of  water  Bufrounded  bv  land, 

the  same  as  a  sea,  only  that  ihs  water  is  fresh  instead  of  salt; 

as  liake  Erie. 


/(i    Sfl.(rf^f   ■K:YXn\ 


DIVISIONS    OP    WATER. 


9 


K 


^, 


"^ 


Stralta. 

A  narrow  fumfe,  like  a  door  or  gate, 
That  leaila  into  aoma  mm,  ia  called  a  Strait. 

A  Busacre  of  water  that  leads  between  two  aeas, 

•r  bodio  of  wtter.  i»  rmllifd  u  Slmil ;  ••  the  Straiu  of  M»Kell»«. 
between  South  Amariot  and  ib«  Ulaiid  of  Terra  del  f  uego. 

Channels. 

A  Cl«^nel  is  a  strait  that  opens  wide ; 

Ai  the  English  Clumntl,  where  provid  navies  ride. 

A  Channel  is  a  wide  strait;  as  the  English 
Channel. 

Sounds. 

lit  80  ihaliow  that  ito  depth  is  found, 
or  anchrr,  ?fl  ia  called  a  sound. 

When  a  strtit  is  so  shallow  that  its  depth  can 

^itl  aaeasured  by  a  lead  and  line,  it  is  ealitd  a  Sound. 

«      %<. . 


Rlrers. 

Rivera  are  streams,  by  namerons  branches  formed, 

That  from  the  highlsnds  to  the  seas  are  turned. 

A  River  is  a  large  stream  of  water,  formed  by 

numerouebraiichen,  ihaiempti»e  into  some  eea,  gulf,  lake  or  bay. 
The  Dlece  wherr  a  river  rises,  is  called  its  source ;  the  piacs 
wh«re  it  empties  is  called  its  mouth.    The  small  slresms  that 
empty  into  it  are  ealled  its  branches. 

Firths. 

A  Riv«r  wid'ning  'tween  iu  banks  of  earth. 
Towards  iu  mouth,  is  called  a  Frith  or  Firth. 
The  widening  of  a  river  toward  its  mouth,  is 

pulled  a  Frilh  or  Pirlh;  as  Solway  Frith  iu  8coU.adi  the  Firlh 
of  the  River  Forth. 

Harbors  or  HaTens. 

A  Harbor  or  a  Haven,  is  a  port. 

Where  shipa  in  safely,  from  the  storm  reaort 

A  Harbor  or  Haven  is  a  port  where  ships  may 

run  in  aud  find  shelter  from  the  storm. 


EXPLANATIONS  NECESSARY  TO  THE  USE  OF  MAPS. 


1* 


''\  Hemispheres. 

ITje  world  •«  a  Globe,  the  world  we  Kve  on  here ; 
One  half  a  globe  ia  called  a  Hemisphere 


The  word  hemi- 
sphere 'is  ^formed 
from  hemi,  that  sig- 
fies  half,  and  »p&ere, 
globe  or  ball ;  so, 
half  the  earth  is 
called  a  AcmtspAerc. 

The  .Western 
"Hemisphere  in- 
cludes ^orth  and 
South  America. 


Eastern  and  Western  Hemispheres  are  found 
Upon  the  Map  that  shows,  the  world  is  round. 
Northern  and  Southern  Hemispheres  beside. 
One  North,  one  South  the  Equator  is  espied. 


The  Northern 
Hemisphere  i  n  - 
cludeu  all  that  part 
of  the  earth  North 
of  the  Equator. 


The  Eastern 
Hemisphere  i  n  - 
eludes  Europe, 
Asia  and  Africa. 


The  Southern 
Hemisphere  i  n  - 
eludes  all  South 
of  the  Equator. 


I 


J 


10 


POETICAL    GEOaRAPHY. 


Tbe  Eqaator. 


A  circle  dnwn  around  the  earth,  and  greater 
Than  any  paralbl,  is  called  the  Equaior, 
The  EmuUar  is  a  fancied  line,  that  folds 
Arouna  the  earth,  half  way  between  the  polee. 
This  circle 's  called  the  Equinoctial  Line, 
For  when  the  Solar  orb  doth  o'er  it  shine, 
The  days  and  nights  are  equal,  as  the  clocks 
And  watches  all  proclaim  the  Equinox, 

That  part  of  the  earth  which  is  just  half  way 

between  the  North  and  South  poles,  or  equally  itiMant  from  the 
polep.  Is  i-alled  the  Equator.  It  is  the  wannest  part  of  the 
Earth,  as  the  sun's  rays  are  more  direct  on  this  portion  than 
any  other.    It  is  called  by  mariners  simply,  the  Line. 

Tropics. 

Tropica  are  circles  that  restrict  the  sun, 
Which  with  the  equator  parallel  doth  run, 
Just  twenty-three  and  a  half  degrees  they  shine 
Both  North  and  South  the  Equatorial  Um. 


The  North  is  Cancer  called.  South  Capricorn, 
For  here  the  sun  doth  in  his  pathway  turn, 
And  backward  trace  hia  steps;  theaa  didee  d>ow 
The  limiu  of  the  solar  orb  below. 

Tropica  are  circles  that  run  parallel  with  the 

Equator,  at  the  distance  of  twenty  three  and  a  half  degrees . 
North  and  Soath  of  it.    The  circle  North  of  the  Equator,  is 
called  the  Tropit  </  Canetr.    The  one  South  of  the  Equator,  is 
called  the  TropU  of  Capricorn. 

Tropic  signifies  return ;  lor  when  the  sun  arrives  as  far  from 
the  Equator  as  either  of  these  lines,  it  appears  to  stop  and 
retrace  its  steps.  • 

The  sun  crosses  the  Equnior  twice  a  y«ar;  on  the  Slat  of 
March  and  the  2tst  of  Septemlier. 

It  is  over  the  Tropie  of  Cancer  the  21st  of  June ;  which  ia 
called  the  Summer  Solstice.  This  is  the  longest  day  in  the 
year,  to  all  North  of  the  Equator,  and  the  shortest  to  all  South 
of  it 

The  sun  is  over  the  Tropic  of  Capricorn  the  2lst  of  Decem- 
ber ;  this  is  called  the  Winter  Solstice.  It  is  the  shortest  day  in 
the  year,  to  all  North  of  the  Ik^uaior,  and  the  longest  to  all 
South  of  it. 

Polar  Circles. 

And  of  thf  Polar  Circles  now  I'll  tell : 
They  with  the  Tropica  are  found  paralkl ; 
Just  twenty  three,  one  half,  and  nothing  leas  (23^), 
Aloof  the  Poles; — these,  in  degrees,  I  guess. 

The  Polar  Circles  are  parallel  with  the  Troprcs, 

and  33i  degrees  from  the  Poles.  This,  in  geographic  miles, 
would  be  1410  miles,  the  distance  from  the  Pole  to  the  Circle  ; 
twice  this  ilistance,  or  28S0  miles,  is  ihediameterof  the  Arctic  or 
Antarctic  Circle,  or  the  Frigid  Zones. 

When  the  Sun  is  over  the  tropic  of  Cancer,  all  that  part 
withia  the  Arctic  Circle  has  constant  day ;  and  all  that  part 
in  the  tropic  of  Capricorn,  constant  night.  The  reverse  take* 
place  when  tha  Sun  is  over  the  tropie  of  Capricorn,  on  the  2lsi 
of  December. 

At  the  Poles  it  i*day  six  months  of  the  year,  without  intermis- 
sion ;  for  this  length  of  time,  the  sun  is  visible  above  the  horizon. 
The  other  six  months  of  the  year,  it  is  one  dark,  dreary  night 


Meridians. 

Meridians  run  from  Poie  to  Pole  ('tis  true). 
Cutting  the  Equator,  at  right  angles,  through ; 
They're  used  to  reckon -distance,  east  and  west, 
And  of  all  other  ways  have  proved  the  best. 

Meridians 
ire,  also,  imagi- 
nary lines, 
drawn  on  the 
Map,  to  reckon 
distance,  east  or 
west,  from  any 
one  of  them. 
They  run  from 
tlie  North  to  the 
South  Pole. 

All  places 
through  which 
the  same  meri- 
dian passes  have 
noon,  or  mid- 
night, at  the 
same  time. 


Parallels  of  lAtltude. 

Now  Parallels  of  Latitude  we'll  view : 

They  are  lines  that  pass  around  the  globe  (not  through), 

As  parallel  they  with  the  Equator  run. 

Eastward  and  westward  is  the  course  they  turn. 


Parallels  of 
Latitude  are 
lines  on  the 
Map,  used  to 
reckon  di  s^ 
tances,  north 
or  south,  of  the 
Equator. 


^'* 


1 


'%\ 


VI 


POETICAL    GEOGRAPHY. 


11 


I«atltude  and  lionsltude. 

Latitude  is  distance  from  the  Equator, 
Either  north  or  louth  (let  it  be  lew  or  greater); 
The  distance,  east  or  west,  is  Longitude 
From  any  one  meridian,  understood. 
Both  latttude  and  longitude  are  reckoned 
In  minutet  and  degrees,  as  well  taaeeondMt 
Jnst  sixty  geographic  miles  make  a  degree ; 
In  English,  sixty  nine  and  just  a  half  you  see. 

Places  that  are  under  the  Equator  have  no  Lati- 
tude. All  plaeei  iiorlh  of  the  Equator  are  in  North  Latitudt; 
all  places  south  of  the  Equator  ar«  in  South  LaMud*.  The 
greatest  latitude  a  place  can  have  if  00  decrees.  The  North 
and  South  Poles  of  tho  earth  are  the  only  places  that  have  90 
degrees  of  latitude. 

Longitud*  is  reckoned  east  and  west. 

Moit  nationi  reckon  their  longitude  from  the  metropolis  of 
their  country ;  as,  the  French,  from  Paris ;  the  English,  from 
Greenwich;  the  Americans,  from  Washington.  Though  the 
Americans  reckon  mostly  from  Greenwich,  the  same  as  the 

English. 

liatitude  and  longitude  are  reckoned  in  degrees,  minutes,  and 
seconds.  Sixty  geographic  miles  (or  sixty  nine  and  a  half  Eng- 
lish miles),  make  a  degree ;  sixty  seconds  make  a  minute ; 
sixty  minutes  one  degree. 

Every  circle  is  supposed  to  be  divided  into  360  degrees, 
whether  it  be  larger  or  smaller. 

The  distance  round  the  Earth  being  360  degrees,  one  half  of 
that  distance  mrsl  be  180  degrees;  one  quarter, 90  degrees. 

The  greuteet  distance  that  any  two  objects  on  the  surface  of 
the  earth  can  be  -part,  is  180  degrees.  To  b«  this  distance,  they 
must  be  on  opposite  sideo  of  the  earth ;  consequently,  no  place 
can  have  over  1£0  degrees  of  longitude. 

Zone*. 


Zenes. 

Zones  are  divisibns  of  earth's  surface ;  made 

By  tropic*  and  the  polar  circle's  aid. 

There  *njive  xotiea :  two  temperate  and  one  tmrid. 

Two  frigid  zones.,  where  winter's  cold  is  horrid. 

Torrid  Zone. 

The  Torrid  Zofne  is  'tween  the  trofHCfl  spread, 
Where,  twice  a  year,  the  aun  is  overhead. 

Temperate  Zones. 

The  Temperate  Zones  are  on  those  parts  our  ball, 
Which  'tween  the  polar  carves  and  tic|MaB  ML 

FrUrld  Zones. 

The  Frigid  Zones  include  both  land  sky, 
Oi  parts  which  in  the  polar  circles  lie. 

The  Torrid,  or  Burning  Zone,  is  included  within 

the  Tropics. 

The  Temperate  Zones  are  between  the  Tropics 

and  the  Polar  Circlos. 

The  Frigid  Zones  include  those  parts  of  the 

eanh  between  the  Polar  Circles  and  ihe  Poles. 

The  Temperate  Zones  enjoy  a  mild,  temperate  climate,  be- 
tween thi'  extremes  of  heat  and  cold. 

The  heat  in  the  Torrid,  or  Burning  Zone,  is  excessive  at  all 
seasons  of  the  year. 

In  the  Frigid,  or  Frozen  Z.ne,  the  cold  is  ^tense.  Winter 
holds  an  uninterrupted  reign  the  year  roand. 

Maps. 

A  Map's  a  picture,  of  the  whole  er  part. 
Of  the  earth's  surface,  to  be  learned  by  heart. 
The  top  is  North,  while  South  points  to  yeur  breast ; 
The  right  hand  's  East,  the  left  band 's  always  West. 
More  Maps  than  one,  bound  up  for  school  or  college, 
Is  called  an  Mlaa,  and  contains  much  knowledge. 

How  I.atltHde  and  Ijon^ltude  are  ei> 
pressed  on  Maps. 

Both  Latitude  and  Longitude,  we  see. 
Upon  the  Map,  in  figure^  1 — 2 — 3 ; 
Upon  iha  side  the  Latitude  is  told. 
While  Longitude  we  at  the  top  liehold. 

Maps  are  pictures  of  the  whole,  or  of  parts,  of 

the  earth's  surface.  The  top  of  the  map  repressiits  the  northern 
part  Ola  country;  the  Ijotiom,  Ihe  south«rn  ;  the  r  glit  hand,  the 
eastern  ;  the  lefi  hand,  the  western.  A  collection  of  maps  is 
eulU-d  HH  Atlas. 

Latitude  and  Longitudelre  represented  on  Maps 

by  fiuriires.  I.tiiitiule  is  usually  written  on  the  sides  of  the  map, 
while  Longitude  is  generally  at  the  top  or  the  bottom. 


Questions   are  not  inserted  in  this  work,  from  the  fact  that  it  wa.o  deemed 
Buperfluous.    All  the  Teacher  has  to  do,  to  form  a  question,  is  to  read  over  any  sentence  and  prefix 
Klhe  interrogatives, '  What  is  —V  or, '  Where  are  — !'  fcc,  and  it  becomes  a  question. 

He  turns  to  page  7,  for  instance,  and  glances  his  eye  upon  the  word,  Geography,  in  full-faced  let- 
ters, (over  the  poetry  that  defines  Geography,)  and  asks  the  question— '  What  is  Geography  1'    Then, 
'What  is  the  Earth,'  &c.  ;  and,  to  answer  the  question,  the  Pupil  repeats  the  poetry,  and  in  his  own 
language  gives  Ihw  suiii  and  substance  of  the  prose. 
The  Teacher,  la  all  instances,  should  explain  the  licensed  poetic  phrases  to  juvenile  classes. 


NORTH    AMERICA. 


1 


North  America  is 
noted  for  the  largest 
lakes  of  fresh  water 
in  the  world,  and  as 


being  the  home  of 
the  oppressed  .of  all 
nations. 


▲merUa  wm  ditcovered  by  CHiurroi'HEK  CJolcmbvi,  A.  D.,  1402. 


Ce^  FareweO,  wudi  of  Graenluid,  fint  relate, 
While  Wet.«ingJiam  u  wwt  of  Davis  Strait, 
C<y)e  Lewis  stands  southeast  of  Es'-qui-maux, 
And  North  of  Bell'-isle  Strait,  as  seamen  know. 
North  of  the  Gulf,  and  South,  of  Lab'.ra^or, 
Cap»  WiitlU  heara  Law-ren'-«-an  surges  roar. 
Copt  Sabk  west,  by  Nova  Scotia's  formed, 
Where  Fundy's  matchless  tide  is  backward  turned. 

Then  comes  Cape  Ann,  Cape  Cod  and  Mal-aJHtr', 
Of  Massachusetts  all,  as  you're  aware. 
Rhode  Island  holds  Pmnt  Ju'-dith,  Point  Mon4auk', 
Long  Island  claims,  and  Jersey  Sandy  Hook, 
Cape  Hen'-lopen  <k  Delaware — Cape  May, 
Of  Jersey's  shore,  by  Delaware's  dark  Bay. 

Just  at  the  entrance  of  the  Ches-a>peake', 
Cape  Ckartea  and  Henry  both  their  sentries  keep. 
Cape  Hatterat,  then  Cape  Lookout  and  Cape  Fear, 
Of  North  Carolina,  in  the  list  appear. 

Of  Florida,  Can-ave^al,  well  you  know, 
With  Florida,  Sabk  and  Ro'-nuMW, 
And  ona  St.  Blat,  near  Ap-pa-lach'-«e's  flow, 

/ZcKTo' beside  Tam-|tt'-co  next  appean; 
Ca-touche'  of  Yu.ca-tan'  the  sailor  nears. 
East  of  Honduras  Cfraf-cioJt  mantles  low, 
As  west  of  Cuba  stands  An-to'-ni-o. 

As  the  Western  Coast  of  Mexico  we  keep, 
First  Co-ri-eni*'  springs  upward  firom  the  deep, 
St.  Lucas  next,  and  -S.  La.za'.r</s  seen,    ■ 
Mor-ro  Her-mo''S0  then,  and  Point  Mon^ain/. 
Men-do'-ei-no  o'er  forty  latitude,  (40) 
While  Oxford  Cape,  for  forty  three  is  good.     (43) 

In  sixty-five,  and  east  of  Heh'-rinff's  pa«*,    (65) 
Cape  Pntice  of  Wales,  heaves  up  his  icy  mass ; 
Just  North  of  this,  Cnpt  Lintntn  you  l«hold, 
Then  Icy  Cape  and  Bar  -r'ws  Point  unfold; 
And  Bet'-cher,  De'tnar<a4um,  hmh'-ttrst,  all 
Where  the  froun  ocean  scours  Ui*'  arctic  wall 


-i 


iO.) 

(Ca-toosh.) 


PRONUNCIATION. 


Esquimeaux, 

Tum|Hco, 

Catouche, 

(12) 


Et-ke-mo. 

Tam-pe'^co. 

Ca-toosh. 


Mondtaines, 

Henlopen, 

Roxo, 


Mon-drene. 

Hen'4o-pen, 

Ro-hJ. 


Riven. 

Cold  Ar.a4)as'-ca  Lake,  the  Elk  divides. 
And  the  Peace  River,  to  Slave  River  guides. 
Slave  River,  to  Slave  Lake  her  tribute  pays. 
And  to  a  Northern  Strait,   MeKenzie  strays. 

The  Seal  in  Hudson's  ample  Bay  is  rolled, 
With  Churchill,  Nelson  and  the  Severn  cokl. 

And  Albany  and  Moou,  in  James'  Bay, 
With  East  Amine  River  all  their  waters  lay. 

Red  River  ends  in  Winnipeg  her  etory, 
Where  Sas-ka-shaw'-an  mantles  all  her  glory. 

RIVKRS   THAT   CONNECT   THE   LAKES,   AC 

St.  Mary's  from  Superior,  Huron  takes, 
In  Lake  St.  Clair,  St.  Clair  from  Huron  breaks. 
From  Lake  St  Clair,  Detroit  to  Erie  pours. 
From  whence  Niagar/a  to  Ontario  roars : 
From  here  St.  Lawrence  to  the  gulf  drives  in, 
With  U-ta-was,  her  first  and  largest  Btream. 

RtVERS   ON  THE   EASTERN    COAST. 

Sy.  John's  from  Maine,  through  Brunswick  makes  her  way, 
And  with  St.  Croix,  rolls  into  Fundy's  Bay.    (St.  CJroy.) 
From  Maine,  Penobscot  and  the  Ken-ne-beck, 
With  An-dri)s<ofr'-gin  and  the  Sa'-co  break. 
The  Mer-ri-mack,  from  Hampshire  takes  a  coil 
Through  Massachusetts'  northern,  eastern  soil. 

Connecticut,  in  iho  Eastern  States  is  found, 
With  Hou-sO'ton'tc  wakes  Long  Island  Sound. 
Mohawk  to  Hudson,  Hudson  to  the  sea. 
From  New  York  State,  join  in  the  Jubilee. 

From  Jersey's  shore,  the  Delaware  divides 
T*c  Delaware  and  Pennsylvanian  meads. 

By  Maryland  and  Pennsylvania  formed. 
In  Ches^'peake',  the  Sus.fjue-hafi'Htth's  turned. 
Here,  Po-to-mac  drives  onward  to  the  brine, 
'Twecn  Maryland  and  Virginia  the  line. 
Here  Hhap-jja-han'-nvck,  York  and  James  are  thrown 
From  fair  Vlr-gin-ia.  their  summer  home. 

In  Al-bf-marle',  Chn-wan'  and  Roanoke, 
Virginia's  shores  with  Carolina  yoke. 


'M 


>f 
ill 


. 


ray, 


^' 


J 


RlVfiHa    OF    1*0RTH    AMERICA 


19 


\ 


And  Panv4i-co  and  ffeuae  in  Pamiieo, 
O'er  North  Carolina,  murmur  in  their  flow, 
From  Whence  Cape  Fear  to  Oce*n  nfuttera  low, 
LiUle  and  Great  Pe-du',  here  take  their  aource, 
And  with  San*tee'i  through  Bouth  Caroiin»couraa. 
Edit-to  here,  with  Cam-iorhee  entwine. 
With  darli  S(fvanmah  an  the  Georgian  lihe. 
0-gee-ehee,  AHa^mO'ha,  Satilla,  all 
From  Georgia  drive,  and  into  ocean  fall; 
From  whence  St.  Mary's  Wavea.to  Oce«n  atfty, 
With  Nas-aau  and  St.'Jt^n'a  in  f  ioridau 

RtVIHa  OF  THtB   GULf  Ot  11XZIC0< 
From  (Seorgia,  Flint  and  ChatMtJioo'<hee  lower,— 

The  Chatahmdue  bounda  her  Weatem  ahore. 

Then  to  the  Gulf,  o'er  Florida  they  atray, 

Through  Ap^pa'ladvi<o'4a'a  watery  way. 

Mo-bik  from  Alabama  comes,  whose  bed 

The  Alabama  and  Tom^ig'-bee  tread. 
And  PaiHM-gmp-la  and  toe  limpid  PearU 

From  Miflsiaaippi  State,  their  waters  furl, 

And  Misaissijmi  here  unloads  her  stores, 

And  the  broad  Gulf  her  boiling  surge  detours. 
'Tween  Louisiana  and  the  Texan  greeni 

Through  Lake  Scbine\  here  rolls  the  daik  SaJiine , 

From  Texas,  Ne'^ches,  Trin4-dad,  and  Brazos, 

With  Cohhra'nlo  whose  loud  roar  would  craze  ua. 

Hers  Gawda4oupe'  and  tfue'ces  ceaseless  flow, 

With  Bio  Grande^  ncnftheast  of  MexicOi 

MISSISSIPPI. 

The  Miasiaaippi,  from  I-tas'^ca  Lake 
In  r-o-wa,*  bids  the  broad  Gulf  awake. 
Wisconsin  for  the  Bastem  Coast  survey, 
Then  Illinois,  Kentucky,  Tennessee. 
Then  Mississippi's  soil  is  next  beheld, 
With  Louisiana's  most  southeastern  field 
With  r-o-Wa ;  Missouri 's  on  the  west 
Where,  With  Arkansas,  Louisiana 's  dressed. 

BASfBRK  BAANCHEB. 
To  this  proud  tide,  from  broad  Wisconsin,  flock 
The  Chip-pe'tva,  Wisconsin,  and  the  Bock* 
Through  Illinois,  Bock  river  roll*  her  tide. 
Where  Ulinoia  and  fait  Kaa-kaa'-kia  glide. 
Ohio,  here,  from  Pennsylvania  comes ; 
South  of  Ohio  state  her  billow  foams. 
Then  Indiana  state,  and  Illinois,  (illinoy) 
Beside  its  pathway  all  their  arts  employ. 
The  same  dark  breaker  sweeps  Virginian  earth, 
And  bounds  Kentucky  state  upon  the  north. 
In  Western  Tennessee,  the  O'bi'on  keeta. 
And  Hatch-ie  on  to  Mississippi  sWeepa ; 
In  Mississippi  state,  behold  Yti'^oo', 
In  zigzag  path,  with  Big  Black  river,  too 

WKSTffitN    BBANCHKS. 
■V  From  r-o-wa,  the  Willowa,  and  the  Pine, 
Crow  Wing,  and  Swan,  and  Elk,  and  Sack,  Combine; 
Then,  casting  up  their  bubbles  by  the  billion, 
Crow  river  comes,  St.  Peters,  and  Vermillion, 
White  Water,  Boot,  and  Upper  Iowa, 


TT   ■**. 


Tli-I-i 


'M*t   M«a.At. 


""J 


mncr  their  fofe^'lelay. 


•  Sometimes,  though  erroneously,  ptonunced  l-o'-wa. 


Bed  Cedar  then.  With  Iowa  mads  tet ; 

l^cUnk  river  ttext,  with  dark  Dei  Momea  (hd  last. 

tttssotmt. 

Far  from  Missotiri  Territory  drbrcH, 
Where  the  Rocky  Mountains  rear  their  htfads  to  heaven, 
Leaving  fair  Iowa  upon  the  east, 
Missouri  rolls  to  Mis^ssippi's  breast. 

And  Mar-atnec  springs  frem  the  Iron  Mountain, 
And  nuis  northeast,  to  Mismsippi'a  fountain. 
Arkansas  staft  lays  claltn  to  yotthg  8t.  Franeia, 
Where,  from  th*  Hocky  Mountains,  fflaffls  Ar-kanvaa,' 
liie  branches  dfthe  last  ar^  White  and  Jean  / 
Bdth  in  Arkanaas,  an  the  map  afe  aetifl. 
And,  to  Arkanaaa,  With  the  tide  Jfeo^ho, 
From  Indian  fields,  Canadian  i*rt«rftltir<  low. 
Cw  Texas,  north,  southwest  the  Afkansan  bannet, 
Bed  river,  comes;  then  pOUtt  Ihrotlgh  Louisiana. 

flRAMcnss  o*  tfta  onto. 

'Tween  ttUnois  and  Indiana,  tread 
The  Wa-hash  billows,  to  0hi4)S  bed. 
WA«7e  river,  with  her  Mast  ahd  tVea/em  tides, 
From  Indiana,  to  the  Wakuh  glides. 
Ohio  state  heafa.  With  Mi'a'mi's  roar, 
Scioto,  Hocking  and  Mushing-um—km. 
Then  Beaver  nvtr,  borh  ill  Pehi*ylVania, 
Last  northern  branch,  save  one,  called  AUU-gha-ny. 

Ohio  drinks  Mo-non-ga-he-ia  in, 
That  sweeps  Virgbia  ahd  tlie  land  of  Penn 
Little  Kart'ha-way,  then,  is  on  the  route, 
With  Gre(d  Kanhatoay  and  the  Guyan-dotie* 
Big  Sandy,  on  Virginia's  western  border ; 
And  Licking  river,  of  Kerituckian  order. 
Then  comes  Kentucky  river,  Salt,  and  Green-^ 
Upon  the  last,  the  Mammoth  Cave  is  seen. 
Wheft  Tennessee,  and  state  Kentucky,  slumbers, 
The  Cum-ber-land  Warbles  her  Watery  numbers, 
tn  the  same  states,  and  Alabama,  too. 
The  Tennessee  unfoJiU  unto  the  view. 

filtANCHBS   OF   ffliB   MlSSOUlll. 

Among  Missouri's  branches,  on  the  north, 
Art  'niompson*s,' Williams' ,  Porcnpiiu,  Write  Earth, 
From  Iowa,  the  Shepherd  rolls  her  tides, 
'With  Fish,  and  James,  ahd  Siottx,  and  river  Floyds, 
Whh  Nod-Hi'wayt  frotti  state  Missouri,  run 
The  Platte,  and  Grande,  with  river  Char'o^on. 
The  Jefferson  a  northern  course  is  throWn, 
To  join  the  Madison  and  Yellowstone. 
The  Yellowstone  collects,  in  her  eWn  sea, 

Clark  Fork,  Big  Horn,  and  Tof^e— of  branchea  three. 
Little  Missouri  next,  then  Cannon  Ball, 

Chay-enne,  and  Platte,  all  from  Missouri  felL 

La-platte  is  on  her  territorial  bound. 

North  of  the  Indian  claims  and  hunting  ground. 

With  branches  four— Big-  Horn,  Loup  F(/rk,ani  Black, 

With  one  Pa-dou-ca,  on  the  Indian  tract. 

And  eastward,  from  the  Indian  Province,  wide 

The  river  Kanzas  rolls  her  three^ftwked  tide. 

•  Sometiittos  pronounced  Ar-kan-taw'. 


11 


.ft 


99 


14 


POETICAL     GEOGRAPHY. 


T  f«e  northern  fork,  RejnMUat^  behold  \ 
Tbin  SuUyman'iit  and  Smoky  Hill,  unfold. 
La-mine  and  fair  Osage,  pour  forth  their  waters, 
With  Gaaconadi,  Miawuri'a  warbling  daughter*. 
RIVERS   OF   MtCItlQAN. 
From  Michigan,  the  Raisin  nina  to  Erie, 
And  Huron,  there,  her  sparkling  waters  carry. 
In  St.  Clair  river,  Gratiot  ends  her  lay, 
Anii  Soir-i'naw  is  lest  in  her  own  bay ; 
Will  branches  Cwm,  and  Flint,  and  Shi-a'War^M, 
Wb^ch  roar,  at  last  with  Huron'n  billows,  massy. 
Au  1  Tit-^i-ba-uxtt-aee,  with  her  Chippttoa, 
That  drinks  the  Pine^  is  lost  in  Sm^naw. 
Au-*a-bU  eastward  runs,  with  Thunder  Bay, 
Where  Huron's  billows  greet  them  on  the  way. 
Che-boygan,  northward,  leaves  the  noisy  clan. 
While  J9e/«etf,  westward,  seeks  lake  Michigan ; 
There,  Mitfvftee,  and  Noi'i-pe'ka-gn,  run, 
With  river  White,  and  flaming  Mui'ke-gon, 
Grand  river,  then,  and  the  dark  Ka^ma^oo, 
With  ona  St.Jotepha,  break  their  pathway  through. 

RIVERS   OF   NORTHERN   NBW   YORK. 
The  SeMramae  is  lost  in  lake  Champlain, 
East  of  the  state,  where  Plattsburgh  holds  her  teign ; 


iSlf.  Reg-isy  Racket,  and  tb*  river  Gmm, 
With  Os-we-gaich'ie,  to  St.  Lawrenet  pwa. 
Black  river,  then,  Onwegoy  Genestee, 
Ontario  drowns  in  her  loud  minstrelsy. 

RtVBRS   OF  OREGON   AND    CALIFORNIA. 

In  Oregon,  Columbia  makes  her  pillow, 
And  westward,  to  Pacific,  drives  her  billow. 
Prom  California,  Sjcramento '»  roll'd : 
Southward  her  course,  through  regions  rich  w'ii  gold. 
And  Colorado  joins  with  Gila  river  ,• 
In  CaHfirnia  Gulf,  their  waves  roll  ever. 


Chippewa,  • 
Mobile,  >  • 
Sabine,  >  • 
Itasca,  -  • 
Hatchie,  - 
Des  Moines, 
St  Croix,  - 
Gila,    -    • 


PRONUNCIATION. 

Chippewou'. 
Mobeet. 

Multnomah, 

MuU^-ma. 

Sioux,  -    • 

Soo. 

Sabeen' 

Chayenne,  - 

Ska-en'. 

I'tas'^ca, 

Laplatte,     • 

La-plate'. 

Hach'-ee. 

Lamine,      • 

La-meen'. 

De  Main, 

Saline,  •    • 

Sa^ken. 

St,  Cray. 

Hiaqui,  •    - 

He-a-kee. 

Ge-la,  Of 

Sascashawan, 

Saa-eashaw'' 

Hee-la, 

an* 

COUNTRIES    OF    NORTH    AMERICA. 

THE  RUSSIAN  POSSESSIONS 
Arc  noted  for  their  furs,  and  as  a  cold,  dreary  climate,  inhabited  only  by  savages 
and  hunters.     The  population  is  about  50,000. 
The  coast,  in  some  parts,  rises  into  snow  capped  summits. 


GREENLAND. 


The  coldest,  most  \ 
dreary,  and  desolate 
country  in  the  world. 
Inhabited  by  a  filthy, 
degraded  race  of  In- 
dians, called  Esqui- 
maux. 

Captain  Ross,  on 
the  northern  shores, 
found  a  race  of  ig- 


norant natives,  who 
imagined  his  ships  to 
be  huge  birds.  On 
the  cliffs,  he  found 
red  snow. 

The  settlements 
are  Luhtenau,  Lich- 
tenfels  and  New 
Hernct 


EwiuimBux  ipesriiiK  Seal. 

BRITISH    AMERICA 


Includes  New  Britain,  Canada  East,  and  Canada  West,  New  Brunswick,  Nova 
Scotia,  and  Newfoundland. 

New  Bntain  !»  uoted  for  its  coid  climate,  fbf  its  savages  of  xisquimaus  inuians,  anu 
for  #to  bci^ig  the  ground  or  theater  for  the  operations  of  the  Hudson  Bay  Company. 


SX 


4^- 


# 


/H  "^ 


T 


M 


-:  - 


no. 


nu' 


jes 


I  to 
On 
md 

nta 
ch- 


'^  ^ 


)va 


xllu 

ny. 


#' 


BRITISH    AMERICA. 


The  natives  live  mostly  on  Beal.  In  traveling,  they  are  drawn  by  a  very  fine  kind 
of  dog,  which  is  harnesaed  to  their  sleds. 

The  British  have  trading  stations  at  the  mouths  of  most  of  the  rivers,  where  the 
Indians  come  to  exchange  their  furs  for  blankets,  guns,  beads,  &c. 

COUNTRIES   AND   TOWNS. 


Canada  West* 

Kingston  is  found  N.  E.  Ontario's  roar, 
While  west  the  lake  is  Hamilton  in  Qore ; 
Toronto  to  the  N.  W.  finds  a  Home, 
As  north  th«  lake,  Port  Hope  and  Coburg  come. 

Canada  East. 

In  the  lower  Province,  Montreal  lives  ever, 
Upon  an  island  in  St.  Lctwrence  River; 

And  down  the  stream,  one  hundred  eighty  miles, 
Quebec  to  heaven  heaves  up  her  giant  piles ; 
A  fortress  strong,  on  a  high  promontory. 
And  fSsuned  in  song,  in  history,  and  story. 

IVew  Brunswick. 

flt  Johns,  and  Frederickton,  New  Brunswick  keeps, 
YTheiv  At  St.  Johns  along  her  pathway  sweeps ; 
West  of  St.  Johns,  and  east  the  young  St.  Croix, 
St  Andrews  lives,  by  commerce  her  employ. 

MoTa  Scotia. 

Yarmouth,  on  Nova  Scotia's  western  border, 
Where  Fundfa  tide  rolls  up  in  wild  disorder. 

And  Halifax,  near  the  peninsula's  center. 
Known  for  her  port,  where  the  largest  crafts  majf  enter ; 
With  vessels  of  all  kinds,  this  place  is  fall, 
But  chiefly  with  the  war  ships  of  John  Bull. 

The  northern  shores,  which  Pictou  has  a  seat  on. 
With  Sidney,  on  tlie  island  of  Cape  Breton, 
Are  noted  for  their  coal  the  world  all  over. 
Which  mineral  freights  full  many  an  ocean  roveau 


Canada  West. 

Noted  «8  beinff  the  moat  productive,  and 
beet  settled  of  the  Britiah  PoeaeMioiu  in  N.  A.; 
alao  for  the  intelligence  of  its  inhabitants,  who  are 
mostly  of  an  English  origin. 

The  soil  is  a  fine  dark  loam,  mixed  with  a 
vegetable  mould,  and  ia  unmurpasseil  for  its 
preductiyeness. 

Canada  Bast. 

The  cultivated  portions  lie  in  the  valley 
of  the  St.  Lawrence. 

It  has  the  dimate  of  Sweden,  though  the  lati* 
tude  of  France. 

The  French  language  is  diiefly  apdten. 


New  Brunswick. 

Noted  for  its  immense  quantity  of  lum* 
ber;  mostly  pine. 

Frederickton  on  the  St.  John*  River,  it  the  uapitnl. 

St.  Johns  is  the  targest  town. 

St  Andrews  is  the  second  in  populaUon. 


No^a  Scotia. 

A  peninsula  south  ©f  New  Brunswick, 
having  a  rugged  stony  coast  Noted  for  coal  and 
gypeum.     Clima^  nuld ;  subject  to  fogs. 


NEwroTTBDLAiiD. — A  barren,  hilly  island 
in  the  Gulf  of  St.  Lawrence,  abounding  with  good 
harbors,  and  noted  f(»  the  gMateet  codflaberiee  in 
tbeworid. 


^ffWH^fffSS 


! i.l.fc'U"J!e 


UNITED   STATES 


Noted  as  being  the  largest,  moat  enlightened  and  powerful  republic  on  the  globe. 
Bounded  by  the  Atlantic  on  the  east,  and  the  Pacific  on  the  west.     Having  an 
area  of  more  than  2,000,000  square  milea. 


i.-ea:5Tern  states. 


Maine. 

In  Maine,  Augusta,  on  the  JCm-ncbeck, 
Just  60  miles,  if  right  I  recollect ; 
There  Hallowell,  for  fffantle  we  '11  remember. 
And  Bath,  for  building  8hij)e  of  white  oak  timber. 

Ban-gor'  in  lumler  trades  ;  as  boards  and  plank, 
And  takes  her  place  upon  Fe-nob-scoi's  bank, 
0-ro-no>  Frankfort,  Bucksport,  and  Oastine  (teen), 
On  the  same  banks,  by  the  same  glowing  stream. 

Portland  by  Casco  Bay,  chief  town  in  Maine, 
In  fiskeriee  and  commerce  holds  her  reign. 

New  Hampslilre. 

Portsmouth  her  harbor  boasts,  and  sits  supine, 
Where  meets  Pi-sccd-a-qua  the  rolling  brine. 
Up  the  same  tide  is  found  Great  Falls  and  Dover ; 
As  on  Connecticut  is  fair  Hattover. 

And  Concord  on  the  Menti'-maek  may  rest  her, 
At  further  south  is  Nash'-ua  and  Man-ches-tef. 


Maine. 


Noted  for  its  vast  foresti  of  lumber,  for 
ship  builJing,  and  for  being  the  moht  nortlioaatern 
gtate  in  the  union. 

It  was  a  part  of  MassachusetU  till  1830,  wh«i 
it  became  a  separate  state. 

The  climate  is  cold  and  healthy. 

The  coaut  is  rugged,  and  the  harbors  numerous. 

A  large  part  is  still  covered  with  forests. 

It  is  l)ctt«»t  adapted  to  grazing  than  agriculture. 

AuovsTA  is  noted  as  the  capiml. 
llallowfll  lor  grBMits  quarries. 
Bath  for  Khip  building.  .      ,    • 

Porllartd  for  commBrce  and  fl»h«rie»,  aiid  a»  being 
tke  larfest  lawn  in  Mmtt^ 


/ 


New  Hampshira. 


Noted  for 


Called  the   Granite  State 
the  White  Mountains. 
The  surface   is  level  on  the  coast. 
It  abounds  in  rivers,  lakes  and  mountains. 
Th6  Mil  is  better  fitted  for  grazing  than  tillage. 
The  eliinate  is  cold  and  healthy. 
CoNCOkv  ii  noted  as  the  capital 


t^  j^A 


l»j»--J 


A  .4 


kA' 


rt'- 


^    t 


3be. 
i;  an 


r,  for 

Mtem 

what 


erous. 
ilture. 

being 


f 


d  for 


tillage. 


T 


EASTERN    STATES, 


17 


Termont. 

Montpelier,  near  the  center  of  the  state. 

On  Onion  River,  rules  o'er  small  and  great. 
Windsor  upon  Connecticut  may  reig^, 
As  Burlington  is  found  on  Lake  Champlaint 
And  Otter  Creek  has  fair  Vergennes'  upon  her. 

Known  for  the  Jleet  of  Commodore  McDonough  ; 
And  Mid-dle-bu-ry  on  this  tide  may  tarry. 

Known  for  her  college  and  her  marble  quarry. 
And  Bennington,  southwest  of  all,  may  work. 

Famed  for  the  victory  of  Q«neral  StarL 

Massachusetts. 

Boston  and  Charlestown  both  together  lay, 
With  Cambridge,  bom  by  Massachusetts  Bay. 

Lynn,  funed  for  shoes,  for  codfish  Marblehead, 
Salem  for  wealth,  gained  in  the  India  tr&de. 

Gloucester  for  mackerel  and  codfi%hvng  both, 
And  Newburyport,  for  commerce  farthest  north. 

ImvxU  on  Merrunack,  a  far  famed  weafcr. 
For  which  is  known  both  Taunton  and  Fall  River. 

As  Springfield,  for  her  armory,  we  hail. 

New  Bedford  and  Nantucket  fish  for  whale, 

Plymouth,  known  for  the  Pilgrim  Fathers'  landing. 
By  Cape  Cod  Bay,  in  Massachusetts  standing. 

And  Worcester,  that 's  near  the  Bay  State's  center, 
As  a  great  thoroughfare,  w€?  next  will  entes. 

Connecticut. 

And  Hartford,  Middletown,  and  Say'-brook  bide, 
Fsist  by  Connecticut's  unfailing  tide. 

New  London,  Bridgeport,  Fairfield  and  Xew  Haven, 
With  Norwalk  by  Long  Island  Sound  are  graven. 

And  Stonington,  southeast  of  all,  we  hail, 
That  with  New  London,  lish  for  seal  and  whale. 

Rhode  Island. 

Among  her  factories,  Providence  makes  her  stay, 
On  her  own  stream,  by  J^ar-ra-gan-sett  Bay  : 

And  Newport,  on  Rhode  Island  finds  resort. 
Well  fortifiod  and  noted  for  her  port. 
From  Providence  north,  Pautucket  finds  a  seat. 
As  north  of  Newport,  Bristol  next  we  greet 


3 


Vermont 

Noted  for  the  Green  Mountains,  and  for 
j  the  enterprise  of  its  hardy  inhabitants. 
I      A  large  portion  of  it  is  still  covered  with  timber. 
The  valleys  are  well  adapted  to  tillage  and  the 
hills  to  grazing. 
The  manufactures  are  not  extensive. 
The  cUmate  is  cold  and  the  winters  severe. 
MoNTPELiES  ii  noted  an  the  capital. 
VsrgenneH,  as  being  the  place  where  McDonoufh 
ntted  cm  hit  fleet  for  the  celebrated  battle  on  Lake 
Champlain. 
Middlebury,  for  its  college  and  fine  marble  quarrisa. 


Maaaachiuietts. 


Called  the 


Bay 


Noted  for  ita 


^   _!   State.    ., .«   .« 

wealth,  and  the  active  part  it  took  in  the  great 
■tniggle  for  the  libeitf  and  independence  of  our 
country.  •, 

The  eastern  nut  is  uneven,  and  the  weatem 
mounUinoua.  Morunt  Tom,  Mount  Holyoke, 
Saddle  Mount  and  Wacfausett,  an  celebrated 
peaks. 

Boston  ii  noted  as  the  sapital,  and  as  tits  IkrMtt 
town  in  New  England.  ^"^ 

Charlemimn  for  the  Bunker  Hill  Monument 

CatnbrulvA  for  its  naiversity, 

l<vnn  for  the  mannfaoture  of  shoes. 

Marliiei'fHd   for  its  cod-fitheries. 

Saifin  flir  it*  wealth,  obtained  in  the  India  trade. 

OloacsRt  r  for  cod  and  mackerel^lsheTiei. 

Newburyport,  the  most  northern  town  in  the  State, 
for  eomiDeres.  ' 

U^Ts'  **  *•'""*  '•'"'  *"  ■"••uflMsturing  ia  the 

New  Bedford  and  Nantncket  fi>r  whale  fisheries. 
Plymouth  for  the  landing  of  Pilgrim  Fathers,  ISitO. 


Conn^otlcat 

Noted  for  the  ingenious  character  of  its 
inhabitants,  and  for  its  schools. 

The  common  school  Aind,  in  this  state,  is  orw 
two  millions  of  ddlars. 

It  has  been  distinguished  for  its  men  of  genius 
and  learning. 

H&KTroRD  and  Nxw  HAvmare  the  capitals, 


Rhode  Island. 

Noted  as  the  smallest  state  in  the  union. 
It  consists  mostly  of  the  shores  and  islands  of 
Narragansctt  Bay,  that  gives  it  great  advantages 
for  navigation. 

Pbovidence  is  noted  as  the  capital,  likewise  for  its 
manufactures,  as  well  as  being  the  seat  of  Browa 
University. 

Newport,  as  a  naval  station,  for  its  fortificatioas 
and  its  cxcciiciit  iiarbor. 


J 


1' 


18 


POETICAL    GEOGRAPHY 


I 


II. -MIDDLE 
Mew  York. 

In  New  York  State,  where  Hudson  meets  the  brine, 
New  York  and  Brooklyn  in  their  trade  con'bine. 
On  the  same  tide,  West  Point  and  Newburg  stay  : 
Poughkeepsie,  Hudson,  Troy,  and  Albany. 
Schenectady,  with  Utica  and  Rome, 
Upon  the  £rie  Channel  find  a  home. 
Here  Syracuse  and  Rochester,  we  see — 
The  last  is  on  the  River  Genessee. 
Then  Brockport  comes,  with  Lockport  in  the  score  ; 
As  Buffalo  is  found  on  Erie's  shore. 

From  Buffalo  east,  takes  Attica  her  fare  ; 
In  Genessee,  Batavia  has  a  share. 
Then  Canandaigua  in  Ontario  view ; 
As  stands  Geneva  east,  with  Waterloo. 
Auburn  is  seated  by  Owasco  tide . 
South  of  Cayuga,  Ithaca  is  spied. 
Oxford  and  Norwich  in  Chenango  trace ; 
In  Courtland  County,  Courtland  has  a  place. 
Bath  in  Steuben,  Elmira  in  Chemung ; 
Owego  next,  then  Binghampton  in  Broome. 

Near  Saratoga,  Ballston  makes  her  quarters. 
And  both  are  noted  for  their  mineral  waters. 
Salem  in  Washington,  with  Sandy  Hill ; 
Whitehall  is  where  Champlain's  dark  waves  distil, 
Ticonderoga  lives  by  Lake  Champlain,  [reign. 

Where  stands  Crown  Point,  and  Plattsburg  holds  her 

Oswego  sits  beside  Ontario's  border ; 
While  on  the  eastern  coast  is  Sackett's  Harbor. 
A  place  to  Watertown,  Black  River  warrants ; 
As  Ogdensburgh  is  found  upon  St.  Lawrence. 

Hew  Jersey. 

Trenton,  that  takes  from  Jersey's  shore  her  fare, 
Is  on  the  eastern  side  of  Ddavnre. 
'  Then  Bordentown,  from  Trenton  south  is  seen. 
With  Burlington  and  Camden  down  the  stream. 
Freehold  in  Monmouth,  known  for  Monmouth  battle. 
Princeton  N.  E.  from  Trenton,  deigns  to  settle. 

Wher*  River  Raritan  nourf?  forth  her  wat^erSi 
New  Brunswick  stands,  and  Amboy  makes  her  quarters. 


STATES. 


New  Tork. 

Called  the  Empire  State.    Noted  for  its   * 
canalo,  railroudii,   exteiMivt)   commerce,  and   its 
great  political  iiil1uciie(>. 

Its  population  Ih  greater  than  any  other  state  in 
the  union. 

The  route  from  New  York  to  Buffalo,  is  one 
ef  the  greatest  thor;  ughfarcs  in  the  world. 

The  scenery  on  tike  Hudson  is  of  a  sublime 
and  imposing  character. 

The  steamboats  on  this  river  are  celebrated  for 
speed  and  grandeur. 

Albany,  oii  lli«  Hudson.  \n  noled  as  the  capital. 

New  York,  at  the  mouth  of  the  Hudson,  as  being 
the  largest,  tnost  commercial,  uud  iniporluul  towit  in 
America. 

West  Point  for  its  military  ncademy. 

Sing  9iiig  and  Auburn  lor  State  prisons. 

Utira  for  the  S^tate  Lunatic  Asylum. 

Schenectady  for  Union  College. 

Syracuse  for  its  salt  works. 

Rochester  for  itc  tlouririg  mills. 

I/Ockpurt  for  its  cosily  and  expensiTa  canal  locks. 

Buffalo  as  one  of  the  most  commercial  towns  in  the 
U.uittd  i<tates  on  the  lines  of  two  the  greatest  thorough- 
fares in  America — the  Erie  Canal,  and  Niagara  and 
Lake  Ontario  routes. 

BrIIsioii  and  Saratoga  for  mineral  waters. 

Oswego  as  the  principal  port  on  Lake  Ontario. 

Sackeils  Harbor  for  a  battld  fought  during  the  last 
war  with  Great  Britain. 

Watertown  for  its  neatness  and  manufactures. 

Ogdejisburgb  as  lying  adjacent  to  Canada  East. 


The  city  of  New  York  is  one  of  the  most  im- 
portant towns  in  the  world.  It  is  situated  at  the 
mouth  of  the  Hudson,  on  an  island  about  fifteen 
miles  in  length. 

It  is  visited  by  vessels  from  all  parts  of  tlie 
world.  Mail  steamers  are  daily  arriving  from,  or 
departing  for  foreign  ports. 

Broadway  is  one  of  the  finest  streets  in  the 
world  and  the  Park  Fountain  one  of  the  city's 
greatest  ornaments.  Among  the  public  buildings 
we  may  mention  Trinity  Church,  a  gothic  struct- 
ure, having  a  spire  or  steeple,  283  feet  high. 


New  Jersey. 

Noted  for  manufactures,  canals,  railroads 
and  its  revolutionary  incidents. 

The  southern  part  is  barren  imd  thinly  settled ; 
the  northern  part,  tough  and  mountainous ;  the 
middle  part  is  extremely  fertile. 

Apples  and  peaches  are  raised  in  greet  abund- 
ance in  the  southern  part. 

The  Philadelphia  and  New  York  markets  are 
supplied  with  their  best  fruits  from  this  State. 

Trkmto!*.  on  the  Delaware,  is  noti-d  as  t!:?  capital. 

Fr-eh.-.Ui  is  ;wtri!  for  th-  !;»i;l*=  ,->("  Monmouth,  'uughi 
1778.  between  the  British  under  Irf>rd  Cornwallia,  and 
the  Continental  army  under  Geti.  Washington. 


^t-i 


|au^g.''^- 


MIDDLE    STATES. 


19 


tVom  Amboy  north,  Eliiabethtown  we  view ; 
In  Morris,  Troy  and  Morristown  are  two. 
Upon  Passaic's  banks,  Newark  has  jrrown ; 
As  farther  up  the  stream  is  Patterson. 

PennHylvania. 


I'ennsylvnni.T  wns  seftlled  by  a  hai\y  of  qnalrpr«.  in  H'fll.  mwi.T  iln- 
BUidaiice  of  Wm.  Penn,  who  is  di«tiiiarui»lied  for  his  ui.r.fflii  .l^niimri- 
wrih  ilie  Indian!),  * 

Where  Schuylkill  and  the  Delaware  convene, 
Is  Philadelphia,  oldest  child  of  Penn. 
And  Hurrisburg,  the  state  metropolis, 
On  Susquehannnh  River,  none  can  miss, 
'Bovo  Harrisburg,  Northumberland  may  tsirry : 
As  in  Luzerne  is  one,  called  Wilkesbarre. 

Mauch  Chunk  in  Carbon,  where  the  Lehiffh  pours  ; 
Honesdale  in  Wayne,  where  Lackawaxen  roars. 
Milford,  in  Pike,  and  Stroudsburg  in  Monroe, 
Easton  where  Belaicare  and  Lehigh  flow. 
Bristol  in  Bucks,  'hove  Philadelphia's  landing  ; 
Chester  below,  in  Delaware  is  standing. 

On  Schuylkill  banks,  is  one  called  Norristown  ; 
There  Reading  keeps  ;    there  Pottsville  sits  her  down. 
From  Reading  west,  is  Lebanon  the  while  ; 
York  lives  in  York  ;  in  Cumberland  Carlisle. 
From  Cumberland,  is  Chambersburg  southwest ; 
As  south  in  Adams,  Gettysburg  may  rest. 

Where  Alleghany  joins  Monongahela, 
Pittsburg  is  found,  though  smoke  and  coal  conceal  her ; 


Trenton  and  Princeton  sre  likewise  celebrated  for 
battles  fought  during  the  Hevolution,  in  all  of  which 
vVmshington  commanded  in  person. 

Newark,  noted  for  the  manufacture  of  shoes  and 
carriages. 

Patterson,  noted  for  its  cotton  manufacturing. 


Pennsylvania. 

Noted  for  coal  mines  and  iron  manufac- 
tures; and  as  being  the  center  of  the  Allediany 
Mountains. 

The  mountaina  extend  through  the  middle  of 
the  state,  leaving  the  northeastern  and  south- 
western portions  level,  or  undulating. 

It  is  the  first  manufacturing  state  in  the  union, 
and  ia  the  richest  in  minerals. 

The  iron  mines  of  this  state  are  great  sources 
of  wealth,  and  chiefly  supply  the  manu&cturing 
establishments. 

I'he  coal  beds  are  inexhaustible,  yielding  over 
two  millions  of  tons  annually ;  and  m  real  import- 
ance and  worth,  are  more  valuable  than  the  gold 
mines  of  Mexico,  or  California.  On  the  eastern 
side  of  the  mountains  is  found  the  anthracite,  or 
hard  coal ;  on  the  west  bituminous,  or  soft , coal. 
Pittsburg  is  near  the  center  of  the  bitti^iSua 
coal  region. 

Wheat  is  the  principal  product  of  the  soil, 
though  corn  and  other  grains  aie  raised  in  great 
abundance. 

Its  population  is  second  to  none  but  New  York. 

Several  battles  were  fought  in  this  stale  during 
the  revolutionary  struggle.  Valley  Forge,  twenty 
miles  northwest  of  Philadelphia,  is  known  as  the 
place  where  Gen.  Waahmgton  made  his  winter 
quarters,  during  the  daitest  hours  of  the  contest 

Hahkisburo,  on  the  Susquehannah,  is  the  capital. 

Philadelphia  is  noted  as  being  the  largest  town  in 
the  state,  and  second  in  the  United  States.  It  is  dis- 
tinguished for  its  humane  and  literarv  institutions; 
among  which  are  Girard  College,  for  orphans,  the 
i«cliool  for  (he  blind,  and  one  for  deaf  and  dumb  per- 
sons. Pnirmounl  Water  Works,  which  supply  a 
great  pprtioii  of  the  city  with  pure  water  from  Uie 
Schuylkill  river,  hold  a  prominent  place  among  the 
pleasure  grounds,  which  are  numerous. 

Piiisburg,  the  second  town  in  the  state,  in  popnla- 
tion.  IS  distinguished  for  coal  mines  in  its  vicinity, 
and  for  the  manufacture  of  iron,  glass,  white  lead  and 
heavy  machinery. 

Pottsville,  Mauch  Chunk  and  Honesdale,  are  noted 
for  their  coal  mines. 

Reading  is  a  lar«e  and  beantiful  town,  situated  about 
filly  miles  from  Philadelphia,  on  the  Schuylkill  river 
It  is  disiinguished  for  its  extensive  iron  works. 

Kastnii  IS  noted  for  it*  flour  mills. 

Wilkesbarre  for  the  massacre  of  the  inhabitaaU  ia 
the  Wyoming  valley,  during  the  Revolution. 


The  works  of  internal  improvement  in  this 
state  have  greatly  facilitated  the  intercourse  with 
the  eastern  and  western  portions  of  the  union. 

Since    1844  the  system  of  common  school 

education  has  received  its  due  attention. 


t' 


20 


POETICAL    GEOGRAPHY. 


Here  Birmingham,  and  one  called  Alleghany, 
Their  stations  take  in  Western  Pennsylvania. 
Erie  is  vrhere  Lake  Erie's  waves  roll  ever ; 
As  Beaver  lies  upon  the  Ohio  River. 

Delavvare. 

On  Jersey's  Creek,  in  Delaware,  is  Dover, 
While  Brandywine,  fair  Wilmington  lives  over. 

And  Delaware  City,  with  Newcastle  fair. 
On  the  west  bank  of  River  Delaware, 


Delaware. 

Noted  OS  having  the  smaliest  populntion 
of  any  state  in  the  union,  and  ibe  8inaii«8t  terri- 
tory excepting  RhoJe  Island. 

In  the  northern  part  the  soil  i*  fertile ;  in  the 
southern  unproductive. 

On  the  Brsndywine  there  are  extensive  estab- 
lishments for  the  manufacture  of  paper,  gun- 
powder, cotton  and  vrot^en  goods. 

Dovia  is  the  capital. 

Wilnaiiglon  i*  noted  ai  the  largest  lovn  in  the  Male, 
M  well  as  for  its  greal  water  powef ;  which  ii  uied 
in  propelling  flouff  pMfVf,  powder nm)  cMH>i>  mill* 


III.  — SOUTHERN    STATES, 


Maryland* 

Of  Maryland's  towns,  the  first  is  Baltimore 
Near  Chesapeake,  upon  Pa-tap-aco'a  shore. 

And  west  from  Baltimore,  miles  forty-two. 
Has  Fredericktown  Mo-noc'-a-cy,  in  view. 

On  Severn's  bank,  two  miles  from  Ches-a-peake, 
An-nap'-o-lis  rules  the  powerful  and  the  weak. 

A  German  settlement  is  Ha'-gerstown, 
West  of  the  Blu^  Ridge  is  her  station  known. 
•  And  Germantown  of  Potomac  may  share, 
'T  is  west  of  all  I've  named,  a  thoroughfare. 

And  Washington,  three  hundred  miles  from  sea. 
On  the  east  bank  of  Potomac  doth  lay. 

Georgetown  from  Washington,  Bock  Creek  divides ; 
West  of  Potonuu  Alexandria  hides. 

Tlrglnla. 


*-'  >  --i''-      .    \            ■■'J' 

The  staple  production  ot  Virginia,  cast  of  tbn  Uliie  Ridsfe,  is  Tobacco. 

One  huadred  fifty,  from  the  mouih  of  James, 
la  old  Virginia,  Richmond  makes  her  claims. 


Maryland, 

Ifotett  for  mild  climate,  fMrorable  ntoa- 
tion  for  commerce,  and  m  having  been  settled  by 
Roman  Oatholic». 

It  is  separated  from  Virginia  by  the  Potomac, 
and  dividiBd  mto  two  parte  by  the  Cbraapenke 
Bay.  These  waters  are  navigable  to  the  extreme 
boundaries  of  the  state. 

The  soil  is  rick  and  prodvces  an  excellent 
quality  of  wheat 

ANNAroLis  is  the  rapital. 

Baltimore  it  noted  us  being  the  largest  town  in  the 
state,  and  the  fourth  in  the  union.  It  is  the  greatest 
flour  martlet  in  the  world. 

The  District  of  Columbia  was  ceded  to  the 
United  States'  government,  by  Maryland  and  Vir- 
ginia, in  1790.  It  in  ten  miles  square,  containing 
an  area  of  one  hundred  square  miles, 

Wahhinotox  is  noted  as  being  the  capital  of 
the  United  States.  It  is  situated  on  the  east  bank 
of  the  Potomac,  which  is  navigable  to  this  point 
for  ships  of  the  litie.  An  United  StultV  navy 
yard  is  also  eKtablishcd  here. 

Virginia. 

Noted  as  the  birth-place  of  the  immortal 
Washington,  and  for  having  given  six  presidents 
to  the  Lliiion, 

It  M  crossed  by  the  Alleghany  Mountains  and 
Bluo  Ridge,  which  extend  N.  K,  and  8.  W. 

The  soil,  on  the  coast,  is  sandy  and  sterile;  on 
the  banks  of  rivers  and  in  the  valleys,  it  is  rich 
and  fiirtfle. 

The  climat^-^n  the  coast,  is  unhealthy ;  but, 
among  the  mountauts,  cool  and  salubriv^us. 

RiciiMOM)  is  the  capital  of  Virginia. 

Norfolk  has  a  fine  harlwr,  and  noted  for  foreign 
commerce.  On  the  opjiosite  side  of  the  Elizabeth 
river,  is  CSosport ;  noted  for  the  United  States' 
Navy  Yanl,  iind  an  extensive  dry  dock. 

Yorktown  is  noted  for  the  surrender  of  Lord 
Cornwallis  to  Ueneral  Washington,  in  1781. 


4- 


iar>^,i«|ii 


^  i-> 


^jL^^  viu4 


^i^JT" 


SOUTHERN    STATES. 


v>  *  (ci-trxM  -«^ 


21 


From  Uoi^ptoa  Roads,  eight  miles,  Norfolk  lives  ever. 
Upon  Elizabeth's  fair,  flowing  river. 

Yorktown,  upon  York  river,  sits  alone, 
'Where  Lord  ComwalGs  bowed  to  Washington. 

IVortb  CarttUna. 

Ra'-leigh,  in  the  interior  of  N.  C, 
Near  river  Xetuf,  whose  waves  are  ever  free. 

Newbem,  the  largest  town,  stands  by  the  Neiut; 

Of  Caj)e  Fear  river,  Fay'-ette-ville  makes  use. 

And  Wilmini;ton  comes  in  the  stanza  next. 
Up  Cc^  Fear  river,  miles — just  thirty-six. 

SonOi  CaroUiMki 

Columbia  stands  upon  the  Com-ga-ree' ; 
And  Georgetown  dwells  upon  the  Qreat  P«dee', — 
As  Charleston  lives  just  seven  miles  from  sea. 
Hamburg,  by  the  8a-van'-nah,  keeps  her  station. 
Just  at  the  head  of  steamboat  navigation. 

Where  rolls  O-oon'-ee't  wave*,  is  Mil'-ledge-ville ; 
Augusta,  where  Savannah's  waters  spill ; 
On  the  same  tide,  Savannah  mounts  her  bluff — 
Say,  seventeen  from  sea,  for  that's  enough. 

Alabama. 

On  Alabama's  breast,  Montgomery 's  hung ; 
As  Tus-ca-loo'-sa  hears  Black  Warrior's  song- 
Mobile  is  west  the  mouth  of  Mobile  tide ; 
As  Bliikeiy  lives  upon  the  other  side. 

Mississippi. 

Jackson,  in  Mississippi,  drinks  the  Pearl; 

Tombigbee'g  waters  round  Columbus  furl ; 

And  Natchez  makes  a  rising  biuif  her  seat — 
O'er  Mississippi's  wave,  three  hundred  feet 
On  the  same  tide,  below  the  dark  Yazoo, 
From  Jackson,  west,  Vicks-burgh  is  in  the  view, 

Eiouisianai 

And  New  Or-leans'  o'er  Louisiana  smiles. 
Up  Mtssissi})pi's  stream,  one  hundred  miles. 

'Bove  New  Orleans  one  hundred,  ten,  at  most,  [110 
Is  Ba-ton  Rouge,  a  military  post. 


North  CaroUiUL 


I      Noted  for  its  Gold  Mines,  that  yieki 
'  $4,000,0G0  annually  ;  and,  also,  for  the  DumuJ 
'  fiwamp,  thirty  miles  long  and  ten  milee  wide. 
It  IH  low  and  randy,  for  sixty  or  Mventy  milea 

from  the  coaat.    In  the  interior,  it  ia  hilly ;  and  in 

the  western  part  it  ia  mountainoua. 
I      This  8tate  has  no  good  harbors.     The  coast  ia 
I  lined  with  naiid  bars  and  reels,  that  render  naviga- 
I  tion  dangerous. 

I      Raleioh,  near  the  center  of  the  Slate,  is  th«  capital. 

I  Newberti  i«  noted  as  the  largest  town  in  the  Slate. 

I  Wilmington,  the  chief  ootnmercial  depot,  ik  noted  as 

being  tb«  lerininus  of  an  extensive  line  of  railroad. 

South  CaroUna. 

Tike  flmallest  of  the  Southern  States  ; 
noted  for  the  afakaeB  aud  independent  character 
of  ita  piantera. 

CoLtmaiA,  the  capital,  is  noted  for  its  neatness. 
Charleston  is  noted  as  the  largestof  the  Atlaaiio  cities 
in  the  Southern  States. 

0«orgia. 

Noted  for  its  productions  of  rice  and 
cotton,  aa  well  as  for  gold  mines.  The  minw 
are  foimd  in  the  northern  part 

In  suriace  and  soil,  it  reaembles  the  Carolinaa. 
Indigo  waa  once  raised  in  large  quantities,  but 
cotton  has  now  taken  the  lead  of  all  other  products. 
Sugar  cane  is  raised  to  some  extent  in  the 
southern  part 

MiLLCDOKViLUE,  the  capital,  liai  a  pleasant  situation. 
Savannah  is  noted  as  being  the  largest  town  in  the 
State,  and  as  haring  a  large  share  of  commerce. 

Alabama. 

Noted  for  its  fertile  soil,  and  rapid  in- 
crease in  population. 

Cotton  is  the  chief  agricoltural  product. 
MoKTOOMERT,  on  the  Alabama  river,  ia  the  capital. 
Mobile  is  uMed  for  its  extensive  commerce. 
Tuscaloosa,  tbe  former  capital,  is  a  flourishing  town. 

Misaisaippi. 

Situated  mostly  in  the  basin  of  the  Mis- 
sissippi river,  which  bounds  it  on  the  west 
it  is  noted  as  being  the  chief  cotton  growing  state 
in  the  Union. 

The  southern  portion  is  level,  and  the  northern 
mountainous. 

Jackmon,  the  capitxl,  is  on  Pearl  river. 

N  atcliez,  the  larf?e«t  town,  nnd  a  place  of  great  trade, 
i«  fituuted  on  a  high  blull',  300  feet  above  the  Missis- 
sippi. 

Louisiana* 

Noted  for  its  great  commercial  advantage*, 
and  as  the  chief  sugar  growing  state  in  the  Union. 
It  is  a  low  and  ievct  tract,  and  s:  ihc  southcm 
part  forms  the  delta  of  the  great  Mississippi.  The 
waters  of  the  river  are  higher  than  the  surrounding 
country,  and  are  kept  from  overflowing  by  leveesL 


I 


ill 


22 


POETICAL    GEOGRAPHY. 


And  Alexandria,  for  its  trade  in  cotton. 
Upon  Bed  river,  must  not  be  forgotten  ; 

And  Natch-i-toches,  an  old  French  town  we  enter. 
On  the  same  tide,  near  Louisiana's  center. 

norlda. 


Scene  in  Florida. 

In  Florida  is  Tal-la-has'-see  found. 
The  seat  of  rule,  on  elevated  ground, 

And  Pen-sa-co'-la  stands,  far  to  the  west. 
And  of  the  (Mf  ports  she  is  deemed  the  best. 

Upon  the  eastern  coast,  St.  Augustine  [au-gus-teen' 
Oldest  of  towns,  beneath  a  sky  serene. 

Plobida  is  the  native  state  of  the  Seminole  Indians. 
It  is  noted  for  fertility  of  rail  and  luxuriant  vegetation,  and  as  being 
the  most  southern  part  of  the  United  States.  It  formerly  belonged 
to  Spain,  but  was  ceded  to  the  United  States  in  1819. 

Tallahassee,  the  capital,  has  an  elevated  site.. 

SL  Augustine  is  noted  as  the  oldest  town  in  the  United  States. 
It  is  the  resort  of  invalids,  on  account  of  ite  mild  and  healthy  climate. 
.  Pensacola  is  noted  as  a  man-of-war  station,  and  for  itw  harbor^ 
the  best  in  the  Gulf  of  Mexico. 

Texas. 

Austin,  from  Colorado,  slakes  her  thirst. 
And  o'er  the  Lone  Star  reigns  supreme  and  first. 
Bas-trop',  La  Grange,  Columbus  further  south. 
With  Mat-a-gor-da  at  the  river's  mouth. 

Sa-bine'  is  at  the  mouth  of  dark  Sa-bine,  [sa-been 
And  Gal'-ves-ton  beside  her  bay  is  seen, 
Houston,  northwest  of  Galveston,  we  view. 
On  a  small  stream,  call'd  Buffalo  Bayou. 

Ve-las'-ca,  where  the  Bmzos  meets  the  bnivrt — 
A  place  of  much  resort  in  summer  time. 

Go'-liad,  a  town  on  San  An-to'-nio's  sLor«, 
Where  Fannin  died,  with  full  four  hundred  more. 


The  sugar  rained  in  Louisiana,  in  1846,  was 
207,000,000  of  poimds. 

Nkw  Oiif.CANn.  ilie  rnpjiai.  and  ihi"  inrgpst  town  in 
the  .»*«iulherii  WlatBu.ig  »iluate(lon  lh«  Mii»i»is»i|»pi,  on» 
hundred  inili;»  iroin  il»  moulh.  Its  commerce  is  next 
to  Ihni  of  New  York. 

Untoii  RcMiife  in  iioifd  ns  n  military  station,  and  for 
II  I.' lilted  Slutes'  onenal. 

Altixniidria  is  noted  for  llo  trade  in  cotton. 

noilda. 


OCEOLA,  8E.MlNOI,F,  CHIEF. 
lT>e  above  cut  is  n  r-pn-seiitailon  of  Ockola,  the 
Chief  of   tlie   Semi  Indians,   who    Ioiir    main- 

tained a  bloody  and  t  handed  war  wiih  thf  l/nitcd 
States.  They  inhabi,  .  ihe  Everglades  of  Florida, 
and  were  assaileii  in  vain,  till  hunted  dcywM  by  blood 
hounds  procured  from  Cuba 


Texas. 

The  Lone  Star — noted  for  its  nipi'^  '  t- 
crease  in  population,  and  ibr  having  once  btv.. 
'part  of  Mexico. 

It  was  declared  an  independent  state  k    !    ^ 
and,  in  1846,  it  vras  annexed  to  the  United  States. 

'J'exas  contains  about  tiix  times  as  much  teni- 
tory  as  Pennsylvania. 

TTie  chief  productions  aw  cotton,  tobae«o,  rice, 
sugar,  corn  and  wheat. 

It  abounds  in  buflalo,  deer,  and  wild  horses, 
that  roam  over  its  vast  plains. 

The  inhabiteiits  are  iMMtly  from  the  U.  States. 

AusTtN  is  the  capital. 

Sabine  Ciiy.  on  the  river  Sabine.  I»  a  port  of  entry. 
Hou'ton  is  tl>e  most-commercial  town  in  the  State. 
Velasco  is  rtoted  as  a  summer  renort. 
ii,-.li»(i  i5  notrti  fc-f  the  innssacrc  of  Col.  Faaait),a))ti 
four  hundred  prismters,  by  tite  Mexicans. 


:^ 


1 


WESTERN    STATES. 


23 


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IV. -WESTERN 
Arkansas. 

Twice  tliirty  miles,  up  the  Arkansas'  billow, 
O'er  the  north  bank,  Arkansas  makes  her  pillow. 

Arkansas  State  to  Little  Hock  lays  claim, 
That  by  Arkansas  river  writes  her  name. 

Van  Buren,  near  the  Indian  Territory, 
Up  the  same  tide,  is  woven  in  the  story. 

Ard  Bates'-vilie  slumbers  on  the  river  WhUe, 
As,  m  the  northwest,  Fay'-ette-ville  we  write. 

Tennessee. 

Nashville,  of  Tennessee,  is  known  to  stand 
By  the  Great  Bend  of  river  Cumberland. 

Memphis,  secure  from  Mississippi's  waters, 
Southwest  of  all,  makes  a  high  bluff  her  quarters. 

In  Eastern  Tennessee,  Knoxville  is  seated. 
Where  ffol-slon's  song  is  every  day  repeated. 

Kentucky. 


Daniel  Boone. 

Frankfort  is  by  Kentucky's  giant  rill ; 

As,  on  the  Ohio's  tide,  is  Louisville. 

Southeast  of  Frankfort,  miles  just  twenty-two, 
On  Elkhom  river,  Lexington  we  view. 

From  Louisville,  Mays'-ville  is  up  the  river, 
Nortlieast  the  course,  where  commerce  flows  for  ever. 

Indiana. 

Of  Indiana  State,  the  ruling  Miss, 
Upon  West  Fnrk,  is  In'-di-an-ap'-o-lis. 

Known  for  her  vineyards,  by  the  Ohio's  tide. 
Where  lives  New  Albany,  is  Vevay  spied. 


STATES. 

ArkaiuKUk 

Lies  west  of  the  MisaisBippi,  and  not^ 
for  hot  springH. 

(t  was  admitted  into  the  Union  in  1836. 

A  long  the  Missiwiippi,  it  is  low  and  unhealthy. 
The  interior  is  elevated,  and  enjoys  a  salubrious 
climate. 

It  abounds  with  large  rivers 

litTTLi  Roc«,  the  capital,  it  on  Arkansai  riTer. 

Arkansas  is  noted  as  being  the  oldest  town  in  tbo 
slate;  settled  iiy  the  French  in  1685.  ltd  popiilalJoa 
is  mostly  dcscendsnis  or  French  and  Indiana. 


Tennessee. 

Noted  for  the  Cumberland  Mountains  ; 
for  its  healthy  climate  and  fertile  soil.  It  is  di- 
vided, by  the  Cumberland  Mountains,  into  East 
and  West  Tennessee. 

Nashvillb,  the  largest  town  in  the  state,  is  the  capita. 

Memphis,  in  the  southwest  part  of  the  state,  is  on  a 
high  bluff,  above  the  highrrt  water  mark  of  the  Mis- 
sissippi—the only  place  secure  (rem  the  floods  of  this 
river  for  3fiO  miles. 


Kentucky. 

Settled  by  Daniel  Boone,  in  1679.  It 
is  noted  for  its  delightful  climate  and  fine  soil,  the 
mammoth  cave,  and  for  the  brave  and  hospitable 
character  of  its  inhabitants. 

Nearly  the  whole  of  this  state  rests  on  a  bed  of 
limestone,  that  is  generally  seven  or  eight  feet  be- 
low the  soil. 

The  bones  of  the  mammoth  are  found  in  a  high 
state  of  preservation  in  several  parts  of  this  state. 

Fbankfuht,  oo  the  Kentucky  river,  is  the 
capital. 

liouisville  is  noted  as  the  largest  town  in  the 
state,  and  for  numerouit  manufactures. 

Lexington  is  in  a  rich  and  beautiful  district.        i 

Daniel  Uooxk — The  daring  adventures  of 
this  remarkable  man  arc  wonderful.  He  plunged 
into  the  unexplored  forest,  among  the  savage  In< 
dians  and  wild  animals,  with  no  other  weapon  or 
means  of  defense  save  his  unening  rifle. 


Indiana. 

Smallest  of  the  Western  States,  tJiough 
ono  of  the  most  fertile  and  prosperous. 

It  rsseinlslp.".  Ohi.T  in  Kstrfat-?,  sa>i!  and  cHmsts. 

The  people  of  this  state,  as  well  as  in  all  of  the 
Western  States,  are  chieSy  employed  in  agricul- 
tural  pursuits. 


»••• 


24 


POETICAL    GEOGRAPHY 


On  the  same  Ode,  makes  Madison  her  lair  ; 

Where,  from  Columtyus,  drives  the  railroad  car. 

With  Lawrenceburg  let  Cambridge  City  mix  ; 

Though  space  divides  them,  miles,  just  seventy  six. 

Vincennes,  Terrc  Haute,  and  (Covington,  we  rank  [tere  lioie] 
With  I,a  Fayette,  all  on  the  Wabash  bank. 
There,  Delphi  keeps;  there,  I.ogansport  is  known; 
1  here  stand  Peru,  Wabash,  and  Huntington. 
Northeast  from  this,  bound  by  the  tow-path  chain, 
Where  foams  Maumte,  in  Allen,  is  Fort  Wayne. 
South  Bend  is  where  St.  Joseph's  billows  break ; 
Aa  Michigan  City  smiles  above  the  Lake. 

Ohio. 

Columbus  reigns  upon  Ohio's  soil, 
While  at  her  feet  Scioto's  waters  boil. 
With  Steubenville,  and  one  called  Marietta, 
On  the  Ohio  tide,  is  Cincinnati. 
And  Sidney,  Troy,  and  Dayton,  find  a  home. 
Upon  Miami's  banks,  Avith  Hamilton. 
Cleveland  is  north,  where  Erie  chants  her  ditty ; 
As,  west  from  Cleveland,  stands  Sandusky  City. 
Lower  Sandusky,  where  Sandusky's  billow 
Gives  TiflSn,  and  Bucyrus,  each,  a  pillow. 
In  Ot-ta-wa',  Port  Clinton,  finds  a  spot ; 
Huron,  in  Er'a,  must  not  be  forgot. 

Newark,  end  Mansfield,  with  Mount  Vernon,  lain 

From  Erie,  south ;  while  VVooster  lives  in  Wayne. 

And  south  of  Wayne  is  Millersburg  the  while ; 

As,  north,  Medina,  and  Elyria,  smile. 

Northwest  of  all,  where  foams  the  dark  Muumee, 

Charloe,  Defiance,  and  Napoleon  see : 

And  Perrysburg  lives  by  the  Maumee  stream; 
Where,  further  down,  Toledo's  turrets  beam. 

With  Bryan,  Paulding  and  Van  Wert,  are  west, 

Celina,  Greenville,  Eaton,  and  the  rest 

Putnam  and  Findlay,  near  the  dark  Auglaize  ,• 

liima,  and  Kenton,  both,  are  south  of  these. 

Newark,  and  Zanesville,  o'er  Muskingum  bide  ; 
McConnellsville  is  seated  down  the  tide. 

Logan,  and  Athens,  on  the  Hocking  stay  ; 
.lackson,  and  Chester,  south  of  them  may  lay. 
With  Pomeroy,  Galliopolis  lives  ever, 
By  Burlington,  on  the  Ohio  river. 

From  Cleveland,  south,  along  the  tow-path  side, 
Cuyahoga  Falls  with  Akron  are  espied  ; 
Fulton  and  Massillon  we  likewise  view ; 
Then  Bohvar  and  Philadelphia  too  : 
Coshocton  next,  then  Newark,  Circleville,— 
The  last  is  where  Scioto's  waves  distill  ; 


Indian  corn,  wheat,  oats,  beef  and  pork,  are 
raised  in  vast  quantities,  with  half  the  work  nec- 
essary in  the  Eastern  States. 

Inmanapolis,  on  West  Fwk,  of  White  river, 
is  (he  capital. 

Vevay  is  noted  for  its  vineyards,  planted  by 
Swiss  emigrants. 

New  Albany  is  noted  as  being  the  largest  town 
in  the  state. 

Michigan  City  is  the  only  good  port  in  the  state, 
on  Lake  Michigan. 


Ohio. 

Called  the  Buck  Eye  State.  It  is  desti- 
tute of  mountains,  though  hilly  and  irregular 
along  the  valley  of  the  Ohio  river. 

Large  prairies  are  found  at  the  head  waters  of 
the  Scioto  and  Muskingum. 

This  state  is  noted  for  great  wealth  and  rapid 
increase  in  population. 

Lake  Erie  and  the  Ohio  river  give  it  great  ad- 
vantages for  commerce. 

It  was  settled  as  late  as  1789,  yet,  in  point  of 
population,  is  the  third  state  in  the  Union. 

C01.UMBUK,  the  capital,  is  situated  on  the  east 
bank  of  the  Scioto  river.  Its  site  was  selected  in 
1818,  as  the  seat  of  the  legislature,  and  was  then 
an  entire  wildei-ness. 

Cincinnati,  situated  on  the  Ohio  river,  in  the 
southwest  part  of  the  state,  is  one  of  the  largest 
cities  west  of  the  Alleghanie*  It  is  one  hundred 
and  fifteen  miles  southwest  of  Columbus,  four 
hundred  and  ninety  fi'om  Washbgton,  and  about 
nme  hundred  from  the  dty  of  New  York,  by  the 
Bufifalo  and  Lake  Erie  route.  This  city,  in 
1796,  contained  but  500  inhabitants;  in  1800, 
760;  in  1820,  the  population  was  9,640;  in  isao, 
MiPO;  in  1840,46,000;  in  1847,  the  popuia- 
^Wthad  reached  aa  high  as  90,000;  and,  at  the 
ptwnt  time,  probably  exceeds  100,000. 

The  climate  of  this  city  is  subject  to  consider- 
able extremes  of  beat  and  cold,  but  is  generally 
considered  healthy. 

Cincinnati  Ih  noted  and  distinguished  as  \mng 
the  greatest  pork  market  in  the  world. 

The  streets  that  run  cast  and  west  are  dcnomi- 
nnte<l  Fir^t.  Second,  Tliird,  Fourth,  &c. ;  those 
that  run  north  and  south  are  named;  us,  Elm, 
Race,  \ine,  W  nlnul,  Main,  &c.  The  city  is  Iws- 
tween  the  river,  on  the  south,  and  a  high  hill  sur- 
rounding it  on  the  &tst,  north  and  west ;  the  streets 
that  run  north  and  Kouth  extend  from  the  river  to 
the  hill. 

Cleveland  is  the  principal  {)ort  for  this  state,  on 
Lake  Erie.  Its  a(ivantrt(;es  for  trade  and  com- 
merce are  great.  'J'he  city,  with  the  exception  of 
that  pisrt  \^Tih:r\n^  on  the  Cuyitht.ga  river,  is  me 
of  the  most  beautiful  in  the  IJniietl  St<ites.  The 
Btrecta  are  all  wide,  and  the  houses  are  neat  and 
beautifully  shaded  with  u-ees. 


i 


if 


i 


WESTERN     STATES, 


25 


And  CJiillicotlie  standing  further  south, 

Drinks  from  this  tide  with  Piketou  and  Portsmouth. 

Eai*  from  Miami,  west  S'ei'ito's  furrow, 

Are  London,  Washington,  and  one  Hillsboro. 

In  Clinton,  Wilmington;  (West  Union  count) 

Georgetown  in  Brown,  BHtavia  in  Ciermout 

(Jrhana  lies,  with  Springfield  by  her  ndc, 

Where  roars  Mttd  river,  in  its  might  and  pride. 

Xenia,  from  Springfield,  south,  is  found  in  G'eene ;  (Zenia) 

In  Warren  county,  Lebanon  is  seen. 

Bellefonte,  from  Springfield  noAh,  in  Logai  know ; 

As  Woodfield,  east,  is  stationed  in  Monroa 

And  Marysville,  Marion,  and  Uelaware, 

Near  the  glad  waters  of  Scioto  fare. 

lian-cas-ter  lives  in  Fairfield  county  yet ; 

While,  in  the  county  east,  is  Somerset. 

In  Guernsey  county,  Cambridge  numbers  «ne  ( 

St.  (JIairsville  next,  Cadiz  and  Carrollton. 

As,  one  New  Lisbon  rules  Columbiana, 

Aod  Canton  Stark;  o'er  Portage  is  Raven  la. 

Prom  Portage,  north,  Chardon  and  Painetville  tread. 

Warren  is  east,  in  Trumbull  county  bred. 

Northeast  of  all,  is  Ashtabula  known. 

Whose  county  town  is  christened  JefTerson. 


Michlffan. 

Southeast  the  State  of  Michigan,  in  sisfht 
Of  her  dark  Avaters,  is  the  town  Detroit. 
Adrian,  Tecumseh  and  the  fair  Monroe, 
Where  Miver  Raisin  murmurs  in  its  flow. 
And  Ypsilanti  on  the  rail-way  keeps 
In  Washtenaw,  where  Huron  River  sweeps. 
Ann  Arbor  then  with  Dexter  we  may  view, 
Then  Jackson  comes,  Marshall  and  Kalamazoo. 
Paw  Paw  is  next,  and  last  of  all  St.  Joe, 
Where  the  dark  waters  of  St.  Josephs  flow. 

And  Hills-dale,  Branch,  and  Niles,  and  Cen-tro-ville, 
With  Ber-ri-cn,  where  St.  Joxeph's  waters  spill. 
As  Shelby,  northward  from  Detroit,  we  track ; 
From  Shelby,  west,  is  seated  Pontiac. 
Near  St.  Clair  Lake,  Mt.  Clemens  seeks  repose; 
St.  Clair  is  where  the  St,  Clair  river  flows. 
From  Pontiac.  west.  Howell  the  first  we  scan ; 
Then  Bellvue  comes,  HuKtinj^s,  and  Allegan. 
Grand  Haven,  at  the  mouth  of  river  Grand, 
Just  opposite  Milwaukee,  tnkf  s  her  stand. 
Grand  Kupids,  with  I-o-ni-a,  up  this  stream. 
Where  Lansing  lives,  as  capital,  I  ween, 
(^orunna,  Flint,  Port  Huron,  anJ  La-Peer, 
.\  re  in  the  counties  stiitioricd  east  of  here. 
And  Mackinaw  keeps  in  an  open  Strait, 
'Twcen  Alichigan  and  Huron,  'tis  the  gate; 
Upon  a  dusky  i.sle  her  bulwarks  flame, 
A  fortress  strong,  and  owned  by  Uncle  Sam. 


Zanesville,  on  the  Muskin^m,  opposite  the 
moutli  of  liicking  river,  is  a  flourishing  town. 

Sandusky  City  is  on  Sandusky  Bay,  upwards 
of  one  hundred  miles  from  Columbus. 

Dayton,  on  the  Miami,  southwest  of  Wolf  run, 
is  considered  one  of  the  hanilsoviest  towns  ii-  the 
state.  It  is  crossed  by  the  Miami  Canal  that  con- 
nects  it  with  Cincinnati. 

Chillicothe,  on  the  west  bank  of  the  Scioto,  has 
a  beautiful  situation. 

Steul)enville  is  in  .leircrsoi  county,  in  the  east- 
ern part  of  the  state,  on  the  Ohio  river,  and  in  a 
coul  di.strict. 

'I  he  internal  improvements  in  this  state  are 
rapidly  progressing,  and  in  eifent  are  secon<l  to 
no  state  but  New  York. 

The  most  important  are  as  bllows: 

Ohio  Canal  and  branches, 33f>  miles. 

Miami  Canal  and  branches, 8 1 

Miami  Extension  Canal  and  bra  irhes,  l.iS 

Wabash  and  Erie  Canal, 91 

Walhonding  C'anal 25 

Hocking  Canal, ft6 

Muskingum  Improvement, ...  .91 
Mad  River  and  Lake  Erie  Railroad,  .  160 
Little  Miami  Railroad, HO 

Michigan. 

Noted  for  its  great  commercij  1  .idvant- 
ages,  its  mines  of  copper,  forests  of  pi  le,  ind  for 
ita  rapid  improvement. 

It  consiste  of  two  great  peninsulas  .  ont  be- 
tween lakes  Michigan  and  Huron;  he  Oiher 
between  lakes  .Michigan  and  Superior. 

The  coppermines  are  on  the  shores  of  Lak» 
Superior. 

Lansing,  the  new  capital,  is  on  Grand  I'ver, 
near  the  center  of  the  stHte. 

Detroit,  the  largest  and  most  imjiortant  town 
in  the  state,  is  favorably  situated  tor  commerce 
and  trade,  in  the  eastern  part  of  the  state,  on 
the  Detroit  river.  It  is  the  half  way  house  for 
boats  and  vessels  running  between  Buffalo  and 
v~Ihicago. 

Adrian,  Tecumseh  and  Monroe,  are  flourishing 
tow  ns  on  the  Raisin  river. 

Yi'silanti  is  in  Washtinaw  county,  on  Huron 
river. 

Ann  Vrbor,  Dexter,  Jackson,  Marshall,  Kala- 
mazoo, Pi  w  Paw,  &c  ,  are  the  principal  places  oh 
the  Railroav"  that  crosses  the  state  east  and  west. 
St.  Joseph  ii!  at  the  mouth  of  the  St.  Joseph's 
river.  Hiilsda.p,  Niles'  Branch,  C  ;uterville  and 
Berrien  are  all  ii  the  southwest  part  of  the  state, 
on  the  same  river. 

Shelby  is  situateo  north  of  Detroit. 

Grauil  Haven,  at  ti;i  mouth  nf  Grand  river,  is 
opposite  Milwaukee,  in  Visconsin,  on  the  western 
shores  of  the  lake. 

Mnrkiiiaw  Is  noted  Tor  its  I,  rtifipntioiis.  and  Ibr  the 
Rnimul  mpetinirof  llif  Iii(linn»,:.i  receive  their  yearly 
itipeiid  Irom  the  United  Slates' g.iveniment. 


2« 


POETICAL    GEOGRAPHY 


UUnoIs. 

Springfield  i.s  capital  of  Illinois,     (Illinoy) 
Where  river  San'-ga-mon  her  notes  employ. 
Chl-ca'-go  reigns  the  chief  of  all  the  clan, 
Willi  Little  Fort  beside  Lake  Michigan. 
Lockport  and  Ju-li-et'  with  Dresden,  twain, 
Are  near  Chicago,  on  the  dark  Des  Plains.  (Do  Plain) 

And  llUntns,  to  Ot-ti-wf  may  roar, 

Peru,  Pc-o-ri-a,  ami  Ha-van-na— four : 

Then  Beardstown  comes,  and  Mer-enlo-sia's  see.  ; 

As,  east  this  tide,  is  Carroiton,  in  Greene. 

Ga-le'-na,  noted  for  her  mines  of  leatl. 
Northwest  of  all,  by  Fever  River  bred, 
Rock  Island,  first  on  Mississippi  view, 
And  then  the  Mormon  city,  called  Nau-voo. 
Then  Warsaw  comes,  and  Quincy  next  we  rhyme  : 
And  Al'-ton,  noted  for  her  coal  and  lime. 
Kas-kas'-kia,  a  French  town  further  south. 
With  Cai  ro  seated  by  Ohio's  mouth. 

An-.^  •'^helhyvillc,  Vandalia,  and  Carlisle, 
Along  the  banks  of  fair  Kaskaskia  smile. 
Monmouth  and  Knoxville  near  each  other  rest; 
Macon  and  (^arthage,  from  Peoria,  west. 
And  KushvUle,  Woodville,  and  Columbus,  throng; 
Near  Quincy,  is  the  place  they  all  belong. 
Frdrn  Springfield,  west,  has  Jacksonville  lier  fare  ; 
Known  for  the  college  that  is  stationed  there. 
And,  by  the  Wabash,  Danville  sits  her  down ; 
While,  on  the  Ohio  tide,  is  Shawneetown 

Missouri. 

And  Jefferson  City  on  a  high  bluff  smiles, 
Up  the  Missouri  tide  twice  sixty  miles,     (120) 
On  the  same  tide,  just  twenty  from  its  mouth, 
St.  Charles  is  on  the  north  bank,  not  the  south, 
And  Independence,  west  of  all  hath  laid  her. 
From  whence  for  Santa  Fe,  leaves  many  a  trader. 
St.  Louis,  on  the  Mississippi 's  seen, 
Down  from  Missouri's  mouth  miles  seventeen. 
From  New  Orleans,  twelve  hundred  up  the  tide, 
Missouri's  largest  town,  Missouri's  pride. 
And  from  St.  Louis,  seventy  miles  southwest, 
Po-to'-si  lives,  known  for  her  lead  the  best. 


Illinois. 


I'raine  on  Fire. 


Thi'  prair'ps  of  the  Wi-^tmi  Slntcn  are  everv  yesr 
swept  over  l>y  fire.  The  view,  when  the  tall  griisR  is 
thoroughly  ilried  and  the  flames  ur«  aided  hy  a  strong 
wind,  is  one  truly  ma^^nificent  and  suhlime. 

Noted  for  rapid  increase  in  population, 
and  great  fertility. 

Agriculture  is  the  chief  employment  of  the 
})eople. 

Jiead  is  found  at  Galena,  in  the  N.  W.  part  of 
the  state,  in  great  abundance. 

The  canal,  connecting  l^ake  Michigan  with  the 
Illinois  river,  is  now  complete. 

PpRiNGniLD.  the  onpital.  is  on  llie  Sangamon  river. 

Chicago,  one  of  the  largest  towns  in  the  West,  is 
at  the  head  of  Ijake  Micliigan. 

Nauvoo,on  the  Mississippi,  is  noted  as  the  Mormon 
City. 

Alton  is  noted  for  itH  coal  and  lime. 

Galena  for  its  lead  mines. 


Missouri 

The  largest  state  in  the  union,  with  the 
exception  of  'i'exas,  and  noted  for  its  great  mino- 
ra! resources. 

This  state  lies  west  of  the  Mississippi,  and  is 
intersected  from  west  to  east  by  th«  Missouri 
river,  the  great  tributary  of  the  Mississippi. 

The  mines  of  lead,  iron,  salt,  coal,  &c.,  are 
inexhaustible,  and  constitute  the  wealth  of  the 
state. 

Iron  Mountain  is  a  mass  of  pure  iron,  350  feet 
high,  and  two  miles  in  circuit.  Pilot  Knob  is 
another  mass  600  feet  high,  and  three  miles  in 
circuit. 

Jr.FKF.«sov  ('iTT,  the  capital,  is  on  a  hi^h 
bluff,  one  hundred  arl  twenty  miles  up  the  Mis- 
souri river. 

St.  i.ouis  is  one  of  the  largest  towns  in  the 
Western  States,  and  bids  fair  to  l)ccomo  one  of 
the  first  in  the  union. 


m'.mi-'^m" 


t 


WESTERN    STATES, 


27 


lovra. 


Iowa. 


Snc  Iiidiuiis  Speuring  Kish. 

The  Sac  InUinns  m  thi»  stale  »iihaisl  by  huiiling:,  Irappinjr  and  fishice 
riie  above  cut  rnpreseiils  tlirni  ipeuriiig  fish 

I'owa  City  sits  the  first  in  state, 
Up  her  fair  stream  a  cypher  and  an  eight,     (80) 
From  the  state  limits  forty  miles  or  more, 
Is  Burlington,  on  Mississippi's  shore  ; 
And  north  of  this  is  Bloomington  espied, 
With  Davenport  upon  the  western  side  ; 
Ca-man'-che  next,  then  Bell'-vue  and  Dubuqe', 
Known  fOT  her  lend,  beside  this  giant  brook. 

Wisconsin. 

Between  tT7o  lakes  holds  Madison  hor  rule. 
And  of  the  Badger  State  is  capital. 
Beloit  and  Janesville  on  Bock  River  bide, 
As  Prai-rie-du-Chien  drinks  Mississippi's  tide  ; 
And  Mineral  Point  is  near  Potosi  bred  ; 
These  two  are  noted  for  their  mines  of  lead. 
Lake  Michigan,  She-boy '-a-gan  gazes  o'er, 
Milwaukee  next,  Ra-cine'  and  Southport  four. 
As  Wau-ke-sha'  we  from  Milwaukee  track, 
On  Winnebago  Lake  is  Fond  du  Lac', 
And  North  of  all,  where  the  Fox  River  sweeps, 
Upon  Green  Bay,  Green  Bay  her  station  keeps. 


Oregon. 

This  territory  lica  north  of  Ci\lifornia,  anil  liptween  tho  Rorkv 
Mountains  and  the  Pacific  Ocean.  It  ia  notrd  for  Iwiiig  the  Rnuit 
Western  division  of  the  United  States  ;  as  well  as  for  tho  cnDnnoas 
growth  of  its  pines,  which  are  aoinetinies  foinid  Sf)))  feet  liigh. 

The  soil,  west  of  the  Cascade  Range,  is  represented  as  extremely 
productive. 

Oregon  City  stands  in  a  fertile  valley  near  the  falls  of  Willamette 
river;  it  contains  upwards  of  600  inhabitants. 

Astoria  is  near  the  mouth  of  Columbia  river. 


The  Northwest  State  of   the  union. 
Noted  for  its  fertility  and  lead  mines. 
:       It  is  bounded  on  the  east  by  the  Mississippi 
I  river,  which  separates  it  from  the  states  of  Illinois 
I  and  Wisconsin. 

i  The  soil  is  uncommonly  fertile ;  large  crops  of 
.  com,  oats,  wheat,  dtc.,  are  raised  with  but  little 
!  labor. 

The  lead  mines  of  this  state,  with  those  of 
i  Wisconsin,  Illinois  and  Missouri,  are  the  richest 
I  in  the  world. 

Iowa  Citt,  the  capital,  is  on  Iowa  river. 
F      Burlington  is  noted  as  being  favorably  situated 
for  trade. 

Dubuque  is  in  one  of  the  greatest  I«ad  districts 
in  the  world. 


Wiscousin. 

The  Badger  State.  Bounded  on  the 
east  by  Lake  Michigan,  on  the  west  by  the  Mis- 
sissippi river.  These  waters  give  it  great  facilities 
for  commerce. 

It  is  noted  for  its  valuable  lead  mines,  its  fertile 
soil,  beautiful  oak  openings  and  numerous  fine 
prairies. 

The  southern  part  of  the  state  presents  one  of 
the  best  farming  districts  in  the  union. 

The  population  is  a  multifarious  mass  of 
Europeans  and  Americans.  The  former  are 
characterised  for  their  industry  and  temperate 
•labits;  the  latter  for  superior  int-'ijgence  and 
-nterprise. 

Madison,  between  Third  and  Fourth  lakes,  is  the 
c  .pital. 

Vlilwaukee,  the  largest  town  in  the  state,  is  noted 
foi  in  rapid  advauceineiits  in  wealth,  populalioa  and 
im  .>rtn<ice. 


<jt)  I  U.gg.ng  in  California. 


Tlii*  roiiHlry  \- as  onci-  claimed  by  Mexieo,  but 
WHS  rr-iliil  In  iliM  I  iiiiM,!  «tn!fs  hv  treatv.  in  I.-tlM.  is 
I'ed  liciweeii  iIih  U,.cky  Momilaiiis  on  the  eael,  aiul 
llm  t'aelfir  Ooenn  o  i  the  west. 

It  is  iioled  lor  the  \  Hnuinivnliljr  ofgold  fouii^  withiti 
its  liorilcig.  ThM  goli  is  dug  from  the  moinitaiiis  and 
rocki,  and  from  the  sa  hi  in  the  buds  of  the  river*. 


II 


J 


28 


POETICAL     GEOGRAPHY 


MEXICO    AND    GAUTAMALA 


Mexico. 


The  Ciiy  of  Mexico. 

Mkxico  is  one  of  the  oldest  cities  oti  the  Western  Continent.  It  is 
situated  seven  thousand  feel  ahove  the  level  of  the  sen.  on  the  table  lands 
Upon  the»»onlh  are  seen  some  of  the  loftiest  peaks  of  the  Cordilleras,  and 
among  them  Popocalapetl,  a  large  volcano  that  is  crowned  with  perp»tual 
snow. 

And  Mexico,  high  oh  the  table  lands, 
In  the  interior  of  the  province  stands. 
Above  the  sea  full'  seven  thousand  feet. 
Adorned  with  temples  rich  and  structures  great 
Fair  lakes  are  there,  arrayed  in  evergreen  ; 
High  mountain  peaks  upon  the  south  are  seen : 
There  Popocatapetl  smokes  all  below. 
From  its  high  summit,  covered  o'er  with  snow. 


The  City  of  Vera  Cruz. 

Vera  Crnr  is  noted  for  its  Cniitle  of  San  Juan  D'Ulloa.  one  of  sironRest 
in  the  world,  and  which  cosi  $40,000,000  to  build  it.  It  was  taken  by  the 
United  hinifs'  army  under  Gen.  t*cotl,  during  the  late  Mexican  war,  but 
was  restored  by  treaty. 

For  her  castle  famed,  from  Mexico  due  east. 
Is  Ve'-ra  Cruz,  three  h'jndred  miles,  at  least. 
Southeast  from  Mexico,  full  eighty  miles, 
Famed  for  her  churches,  La  Pu-e-bla  smiles. 
*Oa-xa'-ca,  on  this  course,  two  hundred,  stands, 
Inhabited  by  numerous  Indian  bands  ; 
While  south,  one,  eighty,  Ac-a-pul'-co  keeps,  [180 
For  her  harbor  known  by  the  Pacific  deeps.  . 
Tn  the  interior,  Gua-na-xu;i'-to  shines,  [yitia-na-wha-ta 
"With  Zac-a-te  -cas  near  the  silver  mines. 

•  (Va-hu'-ca. 


Mexico. 

Noted  for  its  mines  of  silver  and  gold, 
the  former  of  whi(!h,  have  furnbhed  more  than 
half  the  silver  of  the  known  world. 

It  was  once  the  seat  of  a  powerful  empire,  over 
which  presided  a  race  of  kings  termed  "the 
.Montezumas." 

It  was  invaded  and  conquered  by  Cortez,  a 
Spanish  adventurer,  in  1521;  and  became  a 
province  of  Spaiji  till  1S21.  when  it  was  declared 
inde|)endent,  and  a  republican  form  of  govern- 
nient  established. 


Santa  Anno. 


The  above  cm  represents  the  renowned  Mexican 
leader  in  the  war  with  the  United  Slates,  and  former 
president  of  the  Republic. 


Curnnnche  Indian  on  Horseback. 


The  riiinniiche  Indians.  inhiil)iiin>r  tlie  norlhern 
an  ol  Mi-.v.»M>.  lire  of  it  brave  iimniDiilile  cliaracter. 
ilounicd  on  their  swift  horses,  ihey  roam  over  the 
vast  pill  ns.  ntlarking  raravans  and' every  thing  that 


■  win  adord  them  booty  and  plunder 


.  j>  !■»«••■)"*>*■'(][»»  ;.'t*«"*i^-j^*» 


' 


The  Pyramid  o(  Cholula. 

The  Pyramid  of  Cho\iila,  in  maf^iiitiide,  rival*  the  ^real  Kgyptmn  Pyra- 
mid ol' (iizeh.  It  is  oiilyaso  feel  high,  but  its  leiii»tli  and  lireiidth  are 
1335  feel,  while  tlie  Kgy;itinii  Pyrnmid  is  only  7dS  fe'rt.  On  ll«  xop  was 
a  temple  dedicated  to  the  nun.    It  wav  bailt  of  unhurni  l>rick. 

Que-re'-ta-ro,  for  beauty,  has  renown  ;  [ka-ra-ta-ro 
As,  for  her  pyramid,  Cho-lu'-la's  known,  [co-lu'-la 

And  Mat-a-mo-ras,  on  the  Ri-o  Grande,  [re-o-prand 
Just  o'er  the  stream  from  Texjis,  takes  her  stand. 
Re-sa-ca  de-la  Palra'-a's  bloody  ground, 
With  Pa'-lo  Al'-to,  north  of  this  is  found. 
While  west  from  here,  twice  eighty  miles  away,    [160 
On  San  Fernando's  bank,  is  Monterey,  [mon-te-m 

From  Monterey,  southwest,  beholi  Saltillo, 
Near  Bue'-na  Vis'ta's  battle  tield  her  pillow. 

"  From  Mat-a-mo'-ras,  south,  Tampico  smiles, 
Along  the  coast  two  hundred  and  eighty  miles. 
While  west  from  here,  San  Louis  Potosi,  [lue  jiotosee' 
Upon  Tam-pi'-co  river  makes  her  stay,  [tam-pee-co 

Guatamala. 

San  Salvador,  near  the  Pacific  coast, 
For  indigo  her  trade  is  noted  most  ; 

Old  Guatamala,  once  a  splendid  city, 
Though  of  earth<iuakes  now  they  sing  a  mournful  ditty. 

New  Guatamala,  five-and-twenty  miles  [26 
From  the  old  town,  in  wealth  and  commerge  smiles. 

CJuatamalii  is  a  land  of  volcanoes ;  upward-i  of  twenty  volcanic 
peaks,  in  constant  activity  arc  «>en  in  that  part  of  the  Cordilleras 
chain  /vhich  is  clicUinscrilirHl  within  the  territory  of  this  province. 
The  eruption  of  the  Volcano  of  <;a!<iu;uina,  in  18;14,  was  one  of  the 
most  terrihlc  and  siihlirne  upon  record.  The  noise  was  heard  for 
more  than  a  thousand  miles,  and  its  ashes  were  carried  more  than 
eight  liundred. 


PKONUNCrATlON. 


Pcnsacola, 

Mobile, 

Snbiue. 

Vera  Crnz,  • 

Tninpico, 

Kesiica  de  la  Pulina, 


Pfii-sacoo'-la. 
Mnbeel, 
Sn-beei)'. 
Vera  Cnist. 
Tampe'-co. 
Ilesack'-a  de-la 
Palm-a. 


Si.  Aii(jn.«i;iii', 

NnU'hitoolies, 

'IVrrii  lliiult-', 

Oaxaca, 

Monterey. 

Chihimhiia, 


St.  Aii^u<!lrti'. 
i\'ns/i  i  toih. 
Tire  HiU: 
^V'a-ha'■ca. 

She-vau'-wau. 


Ln  PuebU  ia  fatuous  for  its  beautiful  churches. 

Oaxuca.  200  miles  S,  E.  of  the  city  of  Mexico, 
is  inhabited  by  bands  and  tribes  of  Indians. 

Acapuico  ia  noted  for  its  beautiful  harbor,  which 
is  the  most  capacious  in  the  world. 

Gnanaxaco  and  Zicatecas  are  in  the  vicinity 
of  the  silver  mines. 

C^uerattiro  is  renowned  as  one  of  the  most 
l)eautiful  towns  in  Mexico, 

Cholula  is  noted  for  its  wonderful  pyramid, 
made  of  unburnt  brick. 

Re.saca  dc  la  Palma,  Palto  Alto,  Monterey, 
and  Duena  Vista,  are  noted  for  victi  tries  gained 
by  the  United  States'  army  under  Gen.  Taylor. 

The  gold  mines  of  Mexico  are  inferior  to 
those  of  Brazil,  Peru  and  isilwria ;  but  the  rich- 
ness of  its  silver  mines  is  without  a  parallel,  and 
have  produced  mure  of  the  silver  coin  than  all 
the  rest  of  the  world  put  toi;ether.  They  are 
mostly  found  in  the  vicinities  of  Guanaxuato  and 
Zacatecas. 

'I'hc  Mexican  Mint  is  capable  of  stamping  from 
7.5,000  to  $100,000  in  one  hsur's  time.  It  is 
estimated  by  some  that  tlie  whole  amount  of 
money  coined  in  this  establL-thment  exceeds  three 
billions  of  dollars. 

Lo-WEii  Caltfoii.via  is  a  narrow  peninsula  in 
the  northwestern  part  of  Mexico.  It  is  bounded 
on  the  north  by  Uj)per  California,  on  the  east 
by  the  Gulf  of  California,  on  thn  south  and  west 
by  the  Pacific  Ocean.  The  soil  is  of  a  sandy, 
dry  nature,  and  the  population  small. 


Guatamala. 

Noted  for  numerous  volcanoes  and  fre- 
quent earthquakes,  and  for  remarkable  ruins 
found  within  its  borders 

It  was  conquered  Ify  Spain  in  1 .524,  and  hel  J 
as  a  Spani.sh  province  until  I85JI  ;  when  it  do- 
dared  itself  indepeniicnt,  adopting  a  republiom 
form  of  government. 

San  Salt  a  noil,  the  ou])ital,  is  situated  in  a 
very  fertile  valley,  and  is  noted  for  its  extensive 
trade  in  indigo  and  tobacco. 

Old  Guiituniala  was  destroyed  by  an  earthquake 
in  1775.  It  has  su.staiiicd  several  shocks  from 
the  Water  \'olcano. 


Um.i7,i:  Sktti.kmf.niv— Thiij  settlement  was 
e.strtliliilied  and  i.s  ownt>d  by  the  Kritish,  for  the 
purpose  of  en  ting  logwood  iind  mahogany. 

It  CNtciKls  aloiii,'  the  liav  of  Honduras  150 
miles.  It  is  inhabited  by  n^  groes,  Indians  and  a 
few  whites. 

Balizk,  the  caj-tital,  is  a  sn.all  town,  which 
exports  logwood  aii;l  mahogany  to  the  ai.<ount 
of  ${,.500,000  annually. 


■MM 


SOUTH    AMEPvICA. 


commerce  of  the  Amli:.',  carried  by  .Mules  nml  Lamus 

Nolw*  as  aav.iig  ititfei  ranges  of  mountains,  larger  rivers,  a  greater  number  of 
volcanoes,  iin<M  tixreusive  plains,  richer  mines  of  precious  minerals,  and  aublimer 
natural  scencrv,  tHav  any  other  division  of  the  globe. 


Cape  Ve-ia,  first,  oy  Mar-a-cay'-bo  stands, 
Most  northern  point  of  New  Urenada's  lands ; 
Orange  and  North,  in  Jifty  longitude, 
Above  the  line,  near  French  Guiana  brood. 
Five  south.  Jive  west  oi  thirty.  Cape  St.  Koque,  [St.Roke 
Eastward  of  bII,  in  Ani-a-zo'-ni-a  cloke. 
'Tween  twenty  and  the  line  called  Capricorn, 
St.  Thomas  and  Cape  Fri'-ar  both  are  bom. 
From  thirty-live  to  foity,  as  we  go, 
Are  Corientes  and  St.  An-to'-ni-o. 

Cape  Horn,  near  fifty-six,  stands  by  his  poet. 
On  Ter-ra-del-Fu-e'-go's  southern  coast. 

And  iSV.  Fran-cis'-co  and  Cape  Blanco  stay, 
On  the  western  coast  of  south  America. 


Rivers. 

'Hie  Fort  Dedre  and  Cam-aHra''nes  fell. 
With  Ri!-o  Ne'-gro.  in  the  Atlantic  hall. 

The  Col-O'raf'do  rolls  her  purpling  billow, 
From  Buenos  Ayres,  with  the  dark  SaladiUo, 
From  here,  Salado  and  Vermejn  throng, 
Where  Paraguay  drowns  Pilcomayu's  song. 

•     PARAGUAY   AND    BBANCHEiU. 

East  of  Bolivia,  west  of  Par-a-guay', 
In  Am-a-zo'-nia  bom,  bound  to  the  sea, 
O'er  Buen-os  Ayres,  her  rich  and  native  home. 
The  raraguay'  and  her  dark  branches  come. 

Round  Paraguay,  both  south  and  east  descried," 
Rolls  Pa-ra-na\  and  empties  in  hei  tide  ;  | 

8j)ringing  from  Am-a-zo-ni-a's  province  wide, 

'Twpon  HiiRnos  Ayrps  and  fertile  IJrairufty, 
Named  from  the  last,  a  river  makes  her  way ; 


And  Ura-guay  and  Pwaguay,  are  found 
In  iJt-o  Je  la  Pla'-ta's  channel  bound. 

EASTERN    COAST   OF   BRAZIL. 

And  eastward  from  the  Amazonian  coast. 
In  the  same  deeps,  the  Diamond's  waves  are  lost. 
The  St.  Francisco  and  Salgado  there 
With  one  Par-na'-thu,  in  bis  deeps  appear. 

AMAZON   AND    BRANCHES — SOUTHERN. 
TcH:an'-tina,  walled  with  Ar-a-gtuty',  rolls  on 
In  Pa-ra'x  tide,  or  mouth  of  Amazon. 
Xin''gii.  Tu-pa'-jos  and  Ma-dd-ra  tread,  (zin-gu) 
With  Pu'-ros.  in  the  Amazonian  bed. 
Be-ni',  Ma-nio'-re,  Blan-co,  and  dark  Guu-pore, 
Join  in  Madeira  from  Bolivia's  shore. 
And  Tef-fe,  Ju'-rua,  and  the  Ju'-tuy  run,  {faf'-fa) 
From  Sol-y-mas'  to  mother  Amazon. 
And  from  Peru,  northward  the  Ucayale, 
With  dark  Htutl-la'-go,  the  same  waters  hall,  (wal-la'-go) 

NORTHERN    BRANCHES. 

Pa^toft-ca  southward  from  E-qua'-dor  goes. 
And  Naf-po  there  with  Pu-tn-may-o  flows ; 
Yu'pu''ra  too,  that  liounds  Equador  north. 
With  Negro,  from  Brazil,  here  marshal  forth. 

South  of  Equador.  coming  from  Peru, 
Cjueen  Amazon  marks  Amazonia  through. 

RIVERS    NORTH   OF   AMAZON. 

MoHTo'-ni,  Sn-ri-nam' ,  and  Dem-er-ra-ra,  {ma-roo'ni) 
With  Esse-qui-lm.  from  Gui-an-a  hurry. 

From  Ven-e-zue'-la,  0-ro-no^o' s  rolled  ; 

A-pu'-re  there,  a  northern  branch,  behold  : 
Two  branches  more,  we  from  Gren-a'da  gather. 
Me'-fa  is  one,  Giut-va'-ri  is  the  other. 
And  from  (frcnada,  where  ('a-rih'-l)ee  storms, 
The  Mag'-da-le'-na  rolls  with  Cau-ca  in  her  arms. 


30 


SOUTH    AMERICA 


31 


TOWNS    AND 
BIrazll. 

Rio  Jan-ei'-ro,  in  a  country  fair, 
The  capital,  that  breathes  Braeilian  air. 

And  Per-nam-bu'-co  lives  upon  that  shore, 
With  Mar-an-ham'  and  fair  St.  Salvador. 

And  Rio  Grande,  so  famous  for  its  hide."!, 
Where  over  Pcdos  Lake  the  trader  srlides. 


Diamond  Washing  in  Brazil. 

The  dinmond  mine!"  of  Braxil  are  th«  most  important  in  iIkc  world. 
Thfy  nr«  worked  by  the  government.  The  out  repreMnts  the  raaimor  in 
which  they  are  washed  from  the  sand. 

Tejuco,  for  its  diamonds  bought  and  sold  ; 
And  Villa  Ri'-ca,  for  her  mines  of  CK)ld. 

Guiana. 

Georgetown,  the  English  capital,  may  tarry 
Along' the  mouth  of  nW  Dem-er-ra'-ra. 

And  Par-a-mar'-H-bo  as  Dutch  we  name. 
Full  eighteen  miles  up  the  hot  Simnam. 

Cayenne,  well  fortified,  is  east  of  all, 
Upon  an  island,  and  belongs  to  GauL 

Buenos  Ayres. 

And  Buenos  Ayres  is  on  La  Plata  found, 
Tlie  chief  emporium  of  the  province  round  ; 

Sivn  Ju'-an  with  Men-do'-za  let  us  class. 
Because  each  stands  upon  a  mouniain  pasv. 

Cor-do'-va  is  an  active  trading  town. 
And  Sal'-ta,  for  her  mtdes,  has  much  renown. 

Paraguay  and  Uruguay. 

Sim  Car-los  and  Conception  make  their  stay. 
With  fair  As-sump'-tion,  on  the  Par-a-ffuay. 

In  UrugTiay,  wa-s  Mon-ti-vi'-de-o  born, 
On  the  La  Plata  are  her  garments  worn. 


COUNTRIES 


Brazil 

Noted  as  being  the  largest  of  the  South 
Americun  provinces ;  for  rich  gold  and  diamond 
niineii,  anii  for  having  been  once  guvumed  by  an 
Kuropeari  sovereign  in  person. 

Ita  area  is  recorded  aa  high  as  tltree  millions 
of  square  nales. 

Brazil  was  a  colony  of  Portugul  till  1812,  when 
it  was  declared  an  independent  state,  and  Pedro 
the  son  of  the  king  of  Portugal  was,  by  the 
people  of  Brazil,  made  Emperor.  The  popula- 
tion is  about  five  millions;  the  greater  part  of 
which  are  negroes,  held  as  slaves.  The  com- 
merce is  greater  than  any  other  country  in  South 
America. 

Rio  Janeiro  1»  the  mo»t  populous  city  in  South 
Ameriott. 

Rio  Grande,  by  Lake  Palos,  carries  on  a  great  trade 
in  hi  den. 

Tciiioo  is  in  the  interior  of  the  diamond  district; 
and  Villa  Rica  of  Iho  gold  diairlct. 


Guiana. 

Noted  as  being  the  only  portion  of 
South  America  still  under  the  control  of  Euro- 
pean  powers. 

It  is  nearly  under  the  Equator ;  and  on  the 
Demerrara  river,  and  other  parts,  is  said  to  be 
unhealthy. 

It  is  claimed  by  Great  Britain,  France  and 
Holland. 

The  land  along  the  coast  is  level  and  extremely 
fertile. 

The  area  is  estimated  at  150,000  to  160,000 
square  miles. 

Georgetown,  the  capital  of  Knglisli  Guiana,  is  nt  the 
mouth  of  Demt-rrara  river. 

Haramiirabo,  capital  of  Dutch  Guiana,  is  eighteen 
miles  from  the  mouth  of  the  Surinam  river 

Cayenne.on  an  island  and  strongly  fortified,  belongs 
to  France. 


BnenoB  Ayres. 

Noted  for  its  vast  pampas  or  plains, 
that  feed  immense  herds  of  wild  cattle,  which  are 
taken  witti  the  lasso  for  their  bides  and  tallow. 

BuK.tos  Ayrrs.  the  ciipital  of  Bnenos  Ayres.  or  the 
United  Provinces,  is  one  of  the  largest  towns  of 
!*oulh  America.  Ii  is  siluatiul  about  200  mjlesfrom 
the  mouth  of  the  Rio  de  lu  »'la:a;  it  is  well  built,  and 
has  a  large  share  of  commenw.  h  was  founded  hy 
the  S{Miniard8  as  early  as  1536. 

Paraguay  and  XTrugu  "y. 

Noted  for  a  plant  called  matte,  Oi  Para- 
guay tea ;  which  is  used  in  several  countrit  of 
South  America  in  place  of  the  China  herb, 

Urtjguay  is  noted  as  the  smallest  of  the  South 
American  provinces. 


gp:ogiiaphy. 


Kuril  qunkc  iti  Ciirnrcu*. 

C;i-rac'-cas  from  the  earthquake  scarce  survives, 
Of  eighteen-twehe,  that  cost  ten  thousand  lives  ; 
Three  thousand  .eet  she  climbs  the  mount  to  heaven ; 
La  Guay'-ra  is  lier  port,  niih^s  distant,  seven. 

There  Mar-P  cay'-bo,  to  her  lake  allied, 
With  Cu-ma-Pa',  that  smiles  above  the  tide. 

JiSew  Grenada. 

Eight  tlioKsand  feet  and  seven  hundred  more, 
Stands  Bo-^.o-ta',  o'er  New  Grenada's  shore  ; 
By  Bogota' ;  rouj/li,  rolling  tide  her  state, 
Just  fifteen  miles  northeast  the  Cataract. 

From  Bogota',  southwest,  among  the  nfountains. 
Proud  P(.'pay-an' heais Cau'-ca's murmuring fountams, 

Upon  the  northern  coast,  is  Carthagena, 
Where  I'oars  the  C/iurlb  tide  and  Muffdaiena, 

As  Fan-a-ma'  along  the  south  we  follow. 
Upon  the  Isthmus,  north,  is  Porto  Bello. 


Chiu. 

Vil-div'-i-a  and  Conception,  Chili  keeps  IChee'-le 
Along  her  shores  by  the  Pacific  deeps  ; 

And  Val-pa-rai'-so  opes  her  harbor  wide 

Tlie  port  for  San-ti-a'-go  near  her  side. 

Co-quim'-bo  of  her  copper  mines  may  boa,st  ; 
As  Iluas'-co,  for  her  silver  's  valued  most. 

Santiago,  ilie  capital,  i«  on  an  extensive  plain  fiCiv  tniu-  frQ„,  ... 
V  miraraiK)  nas  a  fine  harbor,  and  is  the  port  :or  SanUugo. 


Venezuela. 

Noted  as  the  birthplace  of  Bolivar,  and 

fci  Kk  IliiHimt  or  plain*,  that  support  large  herd* 
«>»  will!  cattli! ;  the  lallow  and  hides  of  which 
toriii  tlu.  chief  articles  of  export.  It  han  an  area 
>if  _<)ver  400,1)00  squiiie  miles. 

'I'hiri  j)roviiice  is  watered  hy  the  Oronoco  and 
ilH  hraiichfs.  This  great  river  is  subject  to  inun- 
ilitiMis,  which  render  its  shores  uninhabitable,  but 
like  the  Nile  of  Egypt,  deposits  a  richness  and 
lortiiiiiing  (|iiality  to  the  soil. 

New  Grenada. 

Noted  us  embracing  the  Isthmus  of  Da- 
rien,  and  as  lying  upnti  two  oceans.  It  has  an 
an'«  of  450,000  square  miles.  This  is  the  most 
iiortherij  part  of  South  America,  and  contains 
some  of  its  sublimest  features.  The  great  though 
natural  Bridge  of  Ir«tnonza  extends  across  a 
crevice  or  chasm  between  two  perpendicular  walls 
of  fork,  at  the  bottom  of  which  flows  the  torrent 
of  Summa  Pa/,.  The  arch  is  360  feet  above  the 
Water,  and  the  efTcct  produced  by  looking  down 
is  said  to  lie  painful. 

B«jooTA.  or  Santa  Ke  de  Bojfota,  8,000  faet  nlwve  tho 
level  ol  the  »eii,  15  the  cnpitiil. 


falls  of  Tequondema. 


mTi!.'/''"*  ^'  Tequf  ndema,  in  the  rirer  BoKotn.  fifleen 
m.les  from  feanift  Fed.,  BoRoia.  are  ainoii?  ih.-  «»l" 
nl".T  :i!  "?'  ^."flrt'  ,The  River  Bogota  i.,e^8  WK)0  I'eet 
above  the  level  of  the  sea.  and  m^kes  its  wav  over 
Cr,1,T"^r*  "'"' •^'[""g''  ''rightful  ravines  until  it'comes 
^e  in,^!"?  °^  lequendema,  and  then  plunges  COO 
leet  into  a  deep  and  awful  thasm. 

Chili. 

Noted  for  its  delightful  climate,  and  for 
the  .\ricaunians,  a  race  of  the  bravest  Indians 
on  the  continent;  who  have  never  been  con- 
quered Also  fbr  being  more  thickly  settled  than 
any  other  portion  of  South  America. 

It  is  bounded  on  the  north  by  the  Desert  of 
Atacama;  on  the  east  by  the  Andes;  south  by 
Patagonia,  and  west  by  the  Pacific.  Its  leiigtli  L- 
»ver  1,200  miles,  and  average  width  about  150. 


iWAJ^ 


^SXySfi~S 


J- 


-  ,1 


SOUTH    AMERICA. 


33 


Peru. 

Seven  miles  from  sea,  upon  a  river,  narrow, 
Lima,  fair  city,  stands — famed  for  Piaarro ; 
Her  port,  Cal-la'-o,  beams  above  the  tide; 
Famed  for  its  harbor,  and  well  fortified. 

CuKco,  where  once  the  Incas  held  the  throne, 
Now  noted  for  its  Temple  of  the  Sun, 
From  Lima,  stands  five,  fifty  miles,  southeast,  [660 
And  in  the  interior  of  the  province  placed. 

'Tween  this  and  Lima,  on  the  Lima  road, 
Gu-an'-ca  Vel'-i-ca  makes  her  abode, 
Near  fourteen  thousand  feet  high  o'er  the  field. 
Sublime  she  sits ;  her  mines  quicksilver  yield. 


Pom. 


The  ladici  of  Lima 
are  diitinguished  ibr 
beauty,  vivacity,  co- 
quetry, love  of  dreM, 
and  admiration.  In 
walking  abroad  they 
invest  tnemselvei  in 
a  cloak  called  the 
manloj  which  hides 
their  face  from  view, 
so  that  they  are  ena- 
bled  to  pass  among 
their  most  intimate 
friends  without  being 
recognised. 


Interior  of  the  Temple  of  the  Sun,  M  Cuzco. 


Ladies  of  Lima. 

Peru  was  in- 
vaded by  Francis 
PixaxTO,  a  Spanish 
adventurer,  in  the 
year  1531.  He 
made  the  inea,  or 
Peruvian  king,  his 
prisoner;  who  of. 
fcred  for  his  free- 
dom, as  much  gold 
as  would  fill  a  large 
room  in  his  palace, 
piled  as  high  as  he 
could  reach;  which 
was  no  sooner  de- 
livered than  the 
blood  thirsty  Pizar- 
ro  condemned  the 
innocent  king  to  a 
cruel  death. 

At  the  time  of 
Pizarro's  invasion, 
the  Peruvians  were 
fire  worshipers. 

The  empire,  ac- 
cording to  their  tra- 
dition, was  founded 
by   Manco  Capac, 
ill  the  10th  or  11th 
century;  whose  first 
appearance  was  on 
a  small  island   in 
J.-ake  'i'itticaca.  He 
avowed  himself  and 
wife  to  be  children 
of   the    sun,  sent 
down  to  enlighten 
and  civilize  the  na- 
tions.    He  taught 
the  men  agriculture 
and    other    useful 
arts,  whilst  his  wife 
instructed  the  wo- 
men in  spimiiiig, 
weaving  and  other 
domestic  aflbira. 


» 


34 


POETICAt    OKOORAPHY. 


Peru  ia  noted  for  iU  liob  ainea  of  gold  and  «Wer ;  and  fcr  h««ng 
been  Um  KSt  (rf*  one  of  the  mo«t  eivilized  nations  in  South  America. 
It  U  bounded  on  the  north  hy  Equador;  east  by  Brazil;  south  try 
BoUvia;  weat  and  southweat  by  the  Atlantic.  The  area  u  reck- 
oned at  600,000  square  miles.  Rain  seldom  or  never  falls  on  the 
coast  of  Peru,  south  of  Cape  bianco.  The  earth,  from  June  to 
November,  is  wet  with  heavy  dews  and  fogs.  Cinchona  or  Peru- 
vian bark,  so  valuable  in  medicine,  is  obtained  from  thw  country. 

The  coast  of  Peru  is  unfavorable  to  navigation,  and  with  the 
exception  of  Callao,  has  no  good  harbors.  The  surf  and  bteakers 
are  so  tremendous  that  no  onlinary  boats  can  land,  or  reach  the 
shore.  To  remedy  this  the  natives  inflate  with  air  large  bags, 
made  of  skins;  of  which  a  sort  of  raft  is  constructed,  called  the 
balaa;  with  this  they  are  enabled  to  load  and  unload  vessels. 

^  I^aador. 


Quito  aiid  the  An<Ws. 


! 


Oiiiio  iR  relfbrwtod  m  Gfographjr  tor  its  luhHme  elevation,  and  unpar- 
RllelXnd  un«|ualled  .er«i?ty  of  climate.  It  i.  «tuat«d  an»ng  the  An- 
de.  90(Wfeela7,ovelhelevelof  theneai  and  though  under  tha  equator, 
has  an  atmosphere  fraught  with  eternal  April. 

Qui-to  is  seated  on  her  mountain  throne, 
Nine  thousand  feet,  and  in  a  burning  zone  ; 
Perpetual  spring  around  those  summits  keep. 
And  pure  the  zephyr  in  its  gentle  sweep. 

And  Guayaquil,  chief  seaport  of  Equador, 
From  this  is  south,  where  goes  full  many  a  trader. 

BoUrla. 

La  Plata,  in  Bo-liv'-i-a,  we  see. 
Much  noted  for  its  splendid  scenery. 
AflPo-to-si'isknown  for  her  silver  mines,  [po-to-t9e 
La  Pai',  from  Potosi,  norUiwestward  hhincs. 

La  PtATA,  or  Chuqtri«ic»,  the  capital  of  BoUtm,  it  netod  for 
tbe  •plendid  Menwy  famd  in  ita  vidrnty. 

PATAaoKiA  ia  notdl  m  being  the  coldest  and  most  wuthem 
poitioi  of  Sooth  America;  also  for  tha  gigantic  stoture  of  the 
Tndians  that  inhabtt  it  It  is  bounded  on  the  noitt  by  Buenos 
AvKia  •  eaat  by  the  Atlantic ;  south  by  the  Straits  of  Magellan,  and 
west  by  the  Pacific    Ite  area  is  estimated  at  300,000  square  miles. 

The  nativea  of  this  country  are  probably  the  tallest  and  most 
gigintie  in  Ae  world;  their  average  hight  being  six  feet  and  •  hrifc 

PRONtrNOIATIOII. 

GiqrMi^     ^htu-orkeei. 
Rio  JttiMim,  Rio  Jbn^-rw. 
Ciiiab*.        JM-ba. 


Lima,  the  oifitil  of  Peru,  is  situated  m  a  rich 
vale,  watered  by  the  Rimac.  It  is  celebrated 
mostly  for  its  founder,  Ftrtwit  Piiarro.  rhe 
Ktrenta  are  v»ride  und  regular.  In  the  middle  of 
the  town  ia  the  Great  Hquarc,  one  of  the  largeM 
and  finest  in  America ;  in  the  middle  of  which  is 
0  large  fountain  having  a  bronie  statue  of  Fame 
in  the  center. 

Cuwio,  660  miles  southeast  of  Luna,  is  noted 

as  having  been  the  capital  of  the  lncu8,  or  Peru- 

I  vian  kings ;  and  also  for  containing  the  remains 

of  a  magnificent  temple  of  the  Sun,  the  interior 

view  of  which  is  given  on  the  foregoing  page. 

Guanca  Velica,  between  Cuzco  and  Lima,  has 
tha  highest  elevation  of  any  town  on  the  gtebe, 
excepting  Potosi,  which  is  probably  as  high.  Itt 
mines  of  quicksilver  were  once  sources  of  great 
waalth. 

Equador. 

Noted  as  lying  under  the  equator,  and 
for  containing  some  of  the  loftiest  peaks  of  the 
Andes.  It  is  divided  into  three  parts;  Equador, 
Guayaquil  and  Assuay.  ,™      ,.     . 

Equador  conaiata  of  table  lands.  The  dimat* 
is  the  finest  in  the  world  and  reeemWes  spnng, 
the  year  round.  It  ia  called  the  Evergreen  tjuitiK 


BiMMaAyms  Bwaffum  Ajfret, 


Bolivia. 

Named  in  honor  of  General  Bolivar,  the 
liberator  of  most  of  South  America,  Noted  for 
containing  the  loftiest  peaks  of  the  Andes;  also 
for  the  celebrated  mines  of  Potosi 

Its  area  is  estimated  at  400,000  square  miles. 
It  is  rough  and  mountainous. 

Sorato,  the  highest  peak  of  the  Andes,  towers 
aloft  to  the  highth  of  25,380  feet,  or  nearly  five 
miles  high.  Illimani,  the  second  highest  peak  of 
the  Western  Continent,  is  24,350  feet. 


The  Condor  i»  the  largert 
bird  of  the  air ;  and  measures, 
when  its  wings  are  extended, 
tixtcea  feet.  It  soars  aloft 
above  the  highest  peaks  of 
the  Andes,  and  descends  to 
the  vales  only  in  pursuit  of 

P^y*  Tbe  Condor. 

Potosi,  elevated  13,265  feet  above  the  level  of 
the  sea,  is  celebrated  for  ita  rich  silver  minea. 
The  city  is  situated  on  the  west  side  of  Mount 
Cerro  de  Potod,  that  contains  the  precious  metal 
They  were  first  discovered  by  an  Indian,  who, 
pursuing  a  lama  up  the  declivity,  caught  hold  of  a 
bush,  which  being  torn  up  by  the  roots,  revealed  ■ 
solid  mass  of  silver,  ,.=«  ^ 

The  produce  of  these  mines  from   1558  to 
1800,  amounted  to  823,950,.'i08  Spanish  dohm 

La  Paz,  nortliwest  of  Potosi,  is  the  principal 

iOWnO!   DOJIVia,       l"=   :t«V   rm::ti.--  ••.   --■„^, 

and  niimani,  are  aaen  fron  this  place  ctowned 
with  etMml  anow. 


in  a  rich 
«lobretcd 
ro.    The 

niddle  of 
te  largeM 
"which  is 
of  Fume 

1,  is  noted 
,  or  Peru- 
i  remains 
le  interior 
r  page. 
Iaw*,  haa 
the  globe, 
high.  Itr 
8  of  great 


itor,  and 
i^lu  of  the 
;  Equatkir, 

"he  clitnat* 
\n  spring, 
reen  Quitii. 


>livar,  the 

Noted  for 
>ndefl;  also 

lare  miles. 

ides,  towera 
nearly  five 
lest  peak  of 
t. 


Condor, 
the  lerel  of 
ilver  mines, 
ie  of  Mount 
M;ieu8  metaL 
[ndian,  who, 
ght  hold  of  a 
ts,  revealed  m 

ova  1556  to 
inish  dolUai. 
the  principal 

lace  cnmned 


\ 


' 


^'^^/7Hi^/^rA/:^J^(^  aJ7\1^ 


EUROPE.    {/i^yt/U-/^ 


Europe  is  noted 
as  the  smallest,  but 
wealthiest,  most 
thickly    populated, 


and  most  powerful 
and  enlightened  of 
the  general  divi- 
sions of  the  globe. 


Capes. 

Far  to  the  north,  where  roars  the  Arctic  Sea. 
In  seventv-one.  (71)  North  Capt  is  known  to  Uy. 

The  Naze  of  Norway,  and  U  Hague  of  France, 
One  south,  one  north,  above  the  waves  advance. 
To  the  north  of  Spain  Cape  Or'-te-gnl  may  fare, 
While  north  and  westward,  stands  Cape  Fin-i^erre. 

feouthwest  of  all,  St.  Vincent  shL-.es  afar. 
As  near  Gibraltar,  stands  Camjraf-al^ar, 

And  Ga'.la  south,  Fa'-/o»miea8t  o?  Spain, 
While  on  the  east,  St.  Martir^ndB  a  reign/ 

South  of  Sar-din'-i.a,  Spar-ti-ven'-to  peers. 
While  north  of  Corsica,  Cape  Cm^so  rears. 

And  Italy  bids  her  Spar4i-ven-4o  sntlle, 
As  Prn-w  '8  south  of  Sicily's  fair  isle ; 

And  south  of  Greece  Cape  MatHi-pm'  behold, 
Adhere  last  of  all,  St.  An-ge-lo  's  enrolled. 


Hirer  9, 

RIVSRS  OF   IRELAND. 

From  E-rin  northward  runs  the  River  Fnuk^ 
With  lUmr  Bonn,  whose  flashing  waters  boil  { 
wu..^*?^l*  Channel,  eastward  rolls  the  Boyne,  [bnin 
Whei*  Li/:/ey  pours  and  Slaney's  billows  shine; 

Southwanl,  in  seven  west,  behold  the  Bar-row  ,• 
BlMkwater  then,  and  Lee,  in  channels  narrow. 

From  Allen,  Rec,  and  Derg— three  sylvan  lakes, 
Southwesterly  her  waves  the  Shan-non  take* 

RIVERS   OF   SCOTLAND. 

From  Scotland,  to  the  North  Sea,  runs  the  Tweed, 
»! ween  Scot  and  Englishman  she  finds  a  bed ; 
Then  comes  tho  Forth,  the  Tay,  and  flashing  Dee, 
Btill  nirther  north,  with  Don  and  r^AWns  .»r-..-s- 

As  southward,  on  her  western  coast  we  roam, 
The  Clyde  first  greets  us,  then  the  Ayr  and  Doon  ; 


^y^P^!^^  ^'*  *"*  ^«-"««  Bonthwardpass, 
With  Etk  and  Lid-dell,  bound  to  Solway  Prith. 

RIVERS   OF  ENGLAND. 

fu^^ T^^  '"*^  "^'^ *^"'® ^"*  *«"  '"*  *e  Humber, 
thue,  ^tr  and  Trent,  branches  just  three  in  number  ; 
These  vnth  the  Uamen,  firom  Britain's  eastern  coast. 
Are  humed  on,  and  in  the  North  Sea  lost 
To  the  British  Channel  westward  rolls  the  Severn. 
As  Mersey  to  St  George's  Strait  is  driven. 

OF  PORTUGAL   AND   SPAIN. 
Northward  of  all,  upon  the  Spanish  shore, 
1  he  Mtn  -ho' a  waters  to  the  Atlantic  pour ; 
And  here  the  Due'-ro  and  the  Tagua  drain. 
With  Guar^i^n-a,  Portugal  and  Spain ; 
Here  Gua-dal-quiv'-er  An..da.lu-sia  sends. 
And  Ebro  in  the  Mediterranean  ends. 

OF   FRANCE. 

Ga^fwjne'  and  Loire,  in  Biscay's  Bay  are  thrown, 

"S.  "  °^  ^y*""^  *'""'"» '''«  flashing  Rhone, 

rhe  English  Channel  swallows  up  the  Seine, 

That  runs  from  France  where  Paris  holds  her  rei^ 

RHINE   AND   BRANCHES. 

The  Rhine  fi-om  Switzerland  makes  her  first  advuioe 
ITien  northward  turns— kissing  the  shores  of  France  • ' 
In  Germany  and  Holland  then  she's  seen,  ' 

Taking  from  Germany  Moselle'  and  Mayne .-     [main} 
From  Holland,  Meuse,  that  moistens  Belgium's  «irth, 
Coming  from  France— the  province  of  its  birth. 

The  Ems,  the  Wefier  and  the  Elbe  are  hurried 
O  er  German  shores,  and  in  the  North  Sea  buried. 

OF  RUSSIA  AND   PRUSSIA. 

From  Prussia  to  the  Baltic,  Oder  glides. 
As  War-iha  river  in  her  channel  Udes. 

Via-tu4a  there,  with  Neimen's  waters  tread. 
By  Prussia  nurtured  and  by  Russia  fed. 


u 


"^SPf"'"""*"  ^'^'^ 


^f 


[  ^ 


ESSSESS 


asuE 


9BS9 


Mil'!  W 


36 


POETICAL    OBOORAPHY. 


From  Lapland,  Au'fiUwttkt  the  Bothnia's  roar} 
Whei«  Tor'-ne-a,  Ca-'ux  and  LtMe'-a  shower, 
With  Kiver  Dal,  fiom  Sweden' •  wintry  shore. 

or  RUSSIA. 

Du-na  from  Ruaria  on  to  Riga  storaw, 
La-do'-ga  Lalie  to  Finland,  Ne-va  torna. 

Onei'-ga,  Dtvi-na,  and  the  Mez-en  sweep, 
O'er  Russia's  shores  into  the  White  8ea  deep. 
From  the  same  fields,  with  all  her  ice  in  motion^ 
Fet-dw-ru  run*  into  the  Arctic  Ocesn. 

VnUgn  and  U-rtd  seek  the  Caspian  Sea ; 
The  last  is  Europe's  eastern  boundary. 

And  Kuhan't  waves,  the  Black  9ra's  watera  giMt, 
A*  Don  and  Donee,  near  the  Azof  meet. 

And  Dneiper,  Bog  and  Dneitttr,  all  ars  lak>  [neitttr 
From  Russia,  io  the  Black  Sea's  raging  main. 


■ 7^— r-i i-T ' \ 

Of   ioftWAT/ 

The  Glom-ma  rolls  her  down  the  NorwiJ  cflWl, 
And  ti»  <he  S(r«it  of  C«t<tii.gat  is  Inat, 

DANCBX   Am)   DRANCRKS.^ 

Hera  Dan-ubt  comee,  the  tide  that  Swisa  arid  Gennui, 
And  Austrian  and  Turk,  all  hold  as  comoMn. 

A  neitbem  branch  the  lUver  Pruth  is  seei^ 
The  boundary  Ibe  'tween  Russ  and  Ottoman. 

RnmM    XMPTTIHa    into    THK    AROHIFXLAaO, 
ADRIATIC  AND   MIDITBRRAMBAlf. 

Yardur  and  Struma  with  Mariasa  go 
From  Twkey  to  the  Archipelago } 

Narema  westward  with  the  rolling  Drm, 
Foams  where  tbe  Adriatic  waters  grin. 

Fren  Italy  here  cooMe  the  riter  t*o  ; 
While  westward,  Amo  and  the  Tiber  1km 
In  MecUterranean,  with  the  VtA-twhmf, 


Enfflandw 


Windsor  Castle 
Wim^sor  Castle,  on  the  Thnmei«.  is  one  of  ihn  royal  residences 
the  Quoen.    It  was  built  by  William  the  Conqueror. 

On  England's  shores,  London  is  first  surveyed, 
The  queen  of  towns  in  commerce,  arts  and  trade. 

And  Liverpool  upon  the  Mersey  lay, 
TUp  n.ort  for  Ireland  and  America. 
Manchester,  east  of  Liverpool  we  enter, 
Of  cotton  naanufactaring  'tis  the  center. 


of 


TOWNS    AND    COUNTRIES.  , 

British  Emi^lre. 

The  most  powerful,  and  with  the  exception  of  China,  the  most  populous  empire  on  the  fflobe. 

It  embraces  England,  Ireland,  and  Scotland,  with  the  principality  of  Wales,  Gibraltar  and  the  Island  of  Malta, 
the  greater  part  «>f  Hindoostan  and  the  Island  of  Ceylon ;  Sierra  Leone,  and  several  forts  in  Guinea,  the  Cape  of 
Good  Hope,  St.  Helena  and  Mauritius,  British  America  and  Honduras,  Jamaica,  Barbadoes,  Trinidad  and  several  of 
the  West  India  Islands,  English  Guiana,  Australia,  Van  Dicman's  Land,  New  Zealand  and  other  islands  in  dlflerent 
parts  of  the  workl. 

The  population  of  the  whole  is  estimated  at  l60/)00/)00,  or  eight  times  that  of  the  United  States. 

Her  great  power  and  bulwark  ie  her  vast  navy,  that  once  outnumbered  the  combined  navies  of  the  world. 

Her  commerce  is  greater  than  any  other  nation.^  The  merchant  vessels  are  upwards  of  27,000  in  munber;  oS 
the  burden  of  3,050,000  tons.    These  are  navigated  by  180,000  seamen. 


Bnglaad. 

The  southern  part  of  Great  Britain;  the 
seat  of  the  British  Empire ;  and  noted  as  the  most 
important  state  in  Europe,  and  as  exerting  the  great- 
est influence  upon  the  destinies  of  the  civilized  and 
uncivilized  world. 

England  abounds  in  beautiful  and  interesting  scene- 
ry. Its  agriculture  is  superior  to  that  of  any  coun- 
try of  Europe.  It  is  the  most  extensive  manufactur- 
ing country  in  the  world.  In  no  part  of  the  worid 
is  wealth  more  unequally  distributed.  The  govern- 
ment is  B  limited  hereditary  monarchy. 

The  national  debt  is  $4,000,000,000 ;  the  interest 
of  which  is  J 1 60 ,000,000  annually,  or  six  times  as 
much  as  the  whole  expenditures  or  the  United  States' 
government. 

Wales. 

A  rough,  rugged,  and  mountainous  country, 
west  of  England  ;  noted  for  its  mines  of  lead,  iron, 
copper,  and  coal,  and  as  giving  the  title  of  "  Prince 
of  Wales"  to  the  English  sovereign's  eldest  soji. 

LosDoir,  the  capital,  on  the  Thames,  60  miles 

tfrf"    '*-    nmn«K    ia  <Vi0  larorAat  c!tv   nn    thfl  fern  of 

the  globe  bo*  in  extent  and  population.    It  covers 
about  36  sqtjare  miles  in  area.    Among  its  public 


EURO  PE. 


37 


For  woolen  factories,  Leeds  first  is  classed. 

As  Binmngham  for  hardware  's  unswrpassed. 

SheflSield,  for  cutlery  may  wear  the  crown, 

For  stockings,  Nottingham  and  Leicester's  known. 

For  watches  Coventry  is  famed  the  while  ; 

Swan-«e-a,  for  copper  works  comes  in  the  file. 

Bristol  is  noted  for  her  wells  so  hot ; 

As  Hull,  upon  the  HtmAer  finds  a  spot. 

Portsmouth  is  found  upon  the  southern  coast, 

With  Plymouth,  for  her  sea  wall  noted  most. 

Windsor  and  Warwick,  for  their  castles  named ; 
Oxford  and  Cambridge,  for  their  schools  far  famed; 
Scar' -bo-rough.  Bright' -on,  Cheltenham,  and  Bath ; 
Chief  watering  places,  all  beneath  my  path. 

flcoUaod. 

Throned  on  her  hills,  for  science  first  in  place. 
Is  Edinburgh,  Scotia's  metropolis. 
Leith  is  her  port,  beside  the  Forth  we  learn. 
Upon  whose  shores  is  the  famed  Bannockbum. 
Proud  Stirling  here  displays  her  warlike  dress, 
As  north  on  Murray' t  banks  is  In-ver-oess'. 

Fair  Ab-er-deen,  between  the  Bte  and  Don, 
For  building  ships  has  gathered  much  renown. 

Glasgow  is  found  upon  the  Rivtr  Clyde  ; 
Oreenoek,  her  port,  is  twenty  down  the  tide. 

Paisley  from  Glasgow,  west  miles  eight  or  nine, 
Is  noted  for  its  cotton  goods  so  fine. 

On  Scotia's  eastern  shore,  behold  Dundee', 
Spinning  her  eanvas  on  the  banks  of  Tay. 

Known  as  the  abode  of  Scotia's  ancient  kings, 
Perth  on  the  Tay,  linen  and  cotton  spins. 

Ireland. 

.^ .  \.t  miles  is  Dublin  from  the  Irish  Sea, 
On  L^ey**  banks,  she  rules  o'er  bond  and  free. 

Gal' -way  is  went,  as  Cork  is  to  the  south, 
While  Limerick  lives  far  up  the  Shannon's  mouth. 

Belfast  north-east  may  at  her  linen  toil ; 
As  Lty&doaderry  lives  upon  the  Foyle. 

Spain. 

j|^|fadrid,  the  capital,  on  table-lands. 
In  the  interior  of  the  kingdom  stands. 

Fair  Barcelona  smiles  above  the  sei; 
In  manufactures  and  in  commerce  free. 


buildings,  are  8t  Paul'i  Church,  the  Tower,  Wei*- 

minster  Abbey,  and  Bank  of  England. 

The  biUges  of  London,  are  worka  of  craat  labor 
and  expenae. 

The  Tunnel,  under  Ae  Thamea,  b  one  of  the 
great  achieveinenta  of  art 

Sheffield  has  the  aio«t  noted  cutlery  in  Uie  world. 
Briatol  ia  nofUtd  for  hot  aprkiga. 

Plymouth  i»  noted  for  tta  immenaa  breakwater, 
that  ooat  $6,000,000. 

ScoftUnO. 

North  of  England,  separated  by  the  Gram- 
pian Hills  into  two  parts ;  North  and  South,  or  the 
Highlanda  and  the  Lowlands. 

It  abounds  in  wUd  and  subliroe  scenery. 

The  Highlands  are  mountainous,  the  Lowlands 
mora  level,  and  better  adapted  to  tillage. 

The  Highlanders  are  brave,  hospitable  and  inde- 
pendent, and  poaaeea  a  rude  and  lawleas  kind  of 
duuracter. 

EDiMBUBoa  is  the  capitaL 

Leith  is  the  port  of  Edinburj^ 

Bannockbwm,  on  the  ForUi,  is  noted  for  the 
victory  of  Bruce  over  the  army  of  Edward  II,  of 
England. 

Stirling,  on  the  same  river,  is  «  strongly  fortified 
town. 

Dundee,  in  the  eastern  part  of  Scotland,  on  the 
River  Tay,  is  noted  for  the  manufacture  of  canvas. 

Ireland. 

Ireland,  called  the  "Emerald  Isle,"  "Green 
Erin."  A  large  island  west  of  England.  Th!< 
nativie  land  of  the  Irish. 

The  surftce  is  uneven,  but  not  mountainous. 
Bogs  and  marrfies  cover  one  tenth  of  its  suiiffc? 
The  peat  bogs  supply  the  fuel. 

Barley,  oats,  wheat,  flax,  dec,  are  extensively 
raised. 

Potatoes  constitute  the  diief  product,  and  before 
(he  potato  rot  of  late,  formed  the  principal  food  for 
the  poor.  Ireland  has  been  sorely  oppressed  by 
its  English  rulers  for  centuries  past 

The  Irish  ara  quick  witted,  sanguine,  warm- 
hearted and  hos(.4table,  but  prodigal  and  passionate. 

Four-fiAhs  are  Catholios,  and  the  remainder  ProU 
estants. 

For  a  few  years  past  Ireland  has  been  in  «  starv- 
ing and  deplorable  condition,  from  the  fiulura  of  her 
croM. 

Duatiir,  the  capital,  is  on  die  iJSey,  seven 
miles  from  its  mouth. 

Galway  is  in  the  western  part  of  the  island. 

Limerick  is  on  the  Shannon,  in  the  interior. 

Belfast  is  noted  tot  the  manufocture  of  fine  linens. 

Spain. 

Noted  for  its  salubrious  climate  and  picturesque 
scenery,  and  as  having  been  one  of  the  iMding  pow- 
ers of  Europe;  but  now  one  of  the  moat  fiieUe  and 
unimportant. 

The  soil  is  fertile,  bat  pooriy  cuhrrated.      Her 


38 


POETICAL    GEOGRAPHY 


it  c 
!'5 


There  Al-i-cant'  and  Oar-tha-ge-na  rest, 
Of  Mediterranean  ports  the  last  is  best. 
There  Mal'-a-ga  for  fruits  and  wines  is  known, 
On  Andalusia's  southern  shores  her  home ; 

Cadiz,  her  bulwarks  o'er  the  Atlantic  rears, 
North-west  the  Straits,  where  strong  Gibraltar  peers. 

North-west  of  all  Co-run'-na  lives,  the  station. 
For  ships  of  Britain  and  the  Yankee  nation. 
Fer-rol'  stands  here,  where  Spain  her  nary  gathers, 
Near  where  Cape  Ortugal  the  dark  sea  weathers. 
On  the  Bay  of  Biscay,  whence  the  wool  of  Spain 
Exported  is,  Bil-bo'-a  finds  a  reign. 

Valencia 's  noted  for  her  silks  so  fine  ; 

Xeres  is  known  quite  well  for  sherry  wine.(ze-rea) 

Se-ville',  Grenada,  and  Cor-do'-ya  lower. 
All  splendid  cities  once,  of  Moorish  power. 

Portn(pk|, 

Lisbon,  with  wines  and  fnxits  where  Tagus  fills 
The  Atlantic  bowl,  is  throned  on  several  hills. 

St.  Ubes,  south-east  of  Lisbon  makes  a  halt. 
And  from  the  sea- wave  manufactures  salt. 


Coimbra. 

Coimbra,  120  miles  north-east  of  Lisbon,  la  noted  for  it*  University. 
Tlie  palace  or  the  University,  once  the  residence  of  the  kings,  is  one 
of  the  finest  buildings  in  the  place. 

And  north  of  Lisbon,  next  Co-im'-bra  see. 
Much  noted  for  her  university. 

Oporto,  on  the  Duero  makes  resort. 
Known  the  world  over  for  a  wine  called  Port. 

France. 

Paris,  in  gardens,  palaces  and  pride, 
Fashions  and  gaiety,  is  not  outvied. 
Lyons  in  manufacturing  takes  her  throne, 
Just  at  the  junction  of  the  Rhont  and  Saone. 
Mar-seilles,  in  commerce  is  by  none  surpassed, 
Bordeaux  in  wines,  much  money  has  amassed  ; 


cummerce  and  manufacture*  are  in  a  neglected  state. 
It  is  separated  from  France  by  the  Pyreanees, 
among  which  are  found  li  jmerous  monka  and  hermits. 

The  richest  portions  oi  America  once  belonged 
to  Spain,  though  Cuba  and  Porto  Rico  are  all  that 
now  remi^n. 

The  other  culoniea  are  the  Philippine,  CsiDiine, 
and  Ladrone  Islands  in  the  Pacific,  and  the  Canary 
Islands  in  the  .Atlantic  Ocean.  These  are  her  chief 
sources  of  national  revenue. 

Madrid,  the  capital,  is  situated  on  the  tabl»4and» 
in  the  interior. 

Barcelona,  on  the  Mediterranean,  is  noted  foi 
commerce  and  manufacturea 

Caithagena  is  noted  as  being  the  best  port  on  th» 
Mediterranean. 

Malaga,  in  the  province  of  Andalusia,  is  noted 
for  its  rich  wines  and  delicious  fruits. 

Cadiz  is  strongly  fortified. 

Corunna  is  noted  for  the  battle  of  Corunna,  between 
the  French  and  Bnglish,  and  as  the  port  or  station 
for  packets  of  Great  Britain  and  the  United  States. 

Ferrol  is  noted  for  a  naval  station ;  Bilboa  for  its 
commerce  in  wool;  Valencia  for  its  silks;  Xeres 
for  sherry  wine ;  Seville,  Grenada,  and  Cordova,  as 
important  Mo<Miah  cities. 


Gibraltar. 

The  Promontory  of  Gibraltar  constitules  the  stroiigf  »t 
fortress  in  the  world.  It  is  three  miles  long,  half  a  mile 
wide,  and  1400  feet  hiah.  It  commandx  the  entmiice  to 
the  Mediterranean.  It  is  in  the  possession  of  UtaM. 
Britain. 

PortngaL 

Portugal  was  once  the  nx»t  commercial  stale  of 
Europe,  but  is  now  reduced  to  insignificance. 

The  climate  is  remarkably  mild  and  healthy. 

Agriculture,  manufactures,  education,  and  im[Mrovc- 
ments  of  every  kind,  are  in  a  backward  condition. 
The  only  productions  of  importance  are  wine  and  salt. 

LisBox,  the  capital,  is  situated  on  the  Tagus. 
St.  Ubes  is  noted  for  salt;  Coimbra  for  its  univer- 
sity ;  Oporto  for  the  production  of  Port  wine. 

France. 

NotAd  for  the  important  part  aho  haa  act#d 
in  the  afiairs  of  Europe,  and  as  having  lately  become 
a  Republic,  the  only  one  of  consequence  on  the 
Eastern  Continent. 

The  climate  of  France  u  mild  and  salubrious. 


i 


r 


EUROPE 


39 


Havre,  fair  port  of  Paris  on  the  Seine,  (hav'-r) 
Tou-lon'  and  Brest,  as  naval  stations  reign. 
Roche-fort'  and  1' Orient  on  Biscay's  Bay,  (lo-re-ong) 
Are  naval  stations  too,  where  ships  may  lay. 
Bay-onne',  near  Spain,  for  bayonets  long  known, 
Cal-ais',  that  oft  has  bowed  to  England's  throne. 
Bou-logne,  south-west  from  this  her  station  finds, 
Rou-en',  upon  the  Seine  her  cotton  spins. 

Bumla. 

St.  Petersburgh  is  60  from  the  Equator,  (60°) 
By  Neva's  banks  she  rules,  and  none  is  greater. 

Cron-stadt,  a  naval  post  where  Finland  boils, 
West  from  St.  Petersburgh  just  twenty  miles. 

And  south  of  Petersburgh,  is  Nov-go-rod': 
Though  fallen  now,  she  boasts  of  royal  blood : 
The  proudest  city  once  of  all  the  north, 
Godlike  in  power,  imperial  in  worth. 
Pol-to'-wa,  known  for  Charles  the  XII  of  Sweden ; 
Whose  fate  we  learn  when  history  we're  readir^. 

O-des'-sa,  by  the  Black  Sea,  takes  her  seat. 
And  from  this  place  exports  the  Russian  wheat ; 

And  Ni-ca-la-jef '  there  joins  the  catalogue, 
A  naval  station,  seated  on  the  Bog. 

Known  for  her  palaces,  and  for  her  bell, 
Moscow  in  the  interior  may  dwell. 

As  north  of  all  Archangel's  lair  is  made, 
Riga  on  Eiga  Ghdf  may  boast  her  trade. 

And  by  the  Caspian  of  the  Russian  olan. 
On  Volga's  southern  bank,  is  Astracan. 

Known  for  her  battlements,  and  for  her  wall. 
Of  Poland,  Warsaw  reigns  the  capital. 


.ainmiwHr*  (trnwii  over  tilt"  Smow  by  Kuiii^etT.- 


The  Tinejards  yield  850  million  gallons  of  wine 
annually,  and  occupy  five  million  acres  of  ground. 
The  principal  colonies  are  Algeria,  (Senegal,  and  the 
Isle  of  Bourbon  in  Afirica;  Martinique  and  Guada- 
loupe,  in  the  West  Indies;  French  Guiana  in  South 
America ;  and  Pondicherry  in  Asia. 

Paris,  the  gay  capital  of  the  French  Republic  —  the 
paragon  of  fai hions  for  the  world  —  i«  on  the  Saine. 

Lyons,  noted  for  manufactures,  it  al  the  junetioa  of  tka 
Rhone  and  Saone. 

Marseilles  is  noted  for  commerce ;  Bordeaux  for  wines; 
Havre  as  the  port  of  Paris ;  Toulon,  Rocheforl,  and  Brest 
as  naval  stations ;  Bayonne  as  the  place  where  bayonets 
were  first  used;  Calais  as  having  repeatedly  been  in  the 
possession  of  Great  Britain ;  Rouen  for  cotton  manufac 
turing.    . 

Russian  Empire. 

It  comprises  nearly  one  half  of  Europe, 
one  third  of  Asia,  and  a  part  of  North  America. 
It  extends  half  way  round  the  earth,  and  compre- 
hends one  seventh  uf  the  land's  surface.  It  is,  gen- 
erally, a  level  country,  and  its  characteristic  features 
are  vast  plains  and  majestic  rivers. 

4t       Russia. 

Russian  Europe  is  noted  for  its  great  power 
and  importance. 

The  inhabitants  are  Russians,  Poles,  Finns,  Tar- 
tars, and  Cossacks  ',  the  latter  form  a  most  efficient'' 
part  of  the  army  of  Russia. 

The  Emperor  is  at  the  head  of  the  church,  and  is 
styled  the  Autocrat  of  all  the  Russias. 

The  military  force,  or  army  of  Russia,  is  the 
largest  by  far  of  any  in  Europe,  and  is  a  great  object 
of  terror  and  anxiety  throughout  all  the  Eastern 
Continent:  it  amounts  to  nearly  1,000,000  men. 
The  naval  force  consists  of  300  vessels,  50  of  which 
are  ships  of  the  line. 

The  great  body  of  the  Russians  is  divided  into 
two  classes :  nobles  and  slaves.  The  former  live  in 
great  splendor;  the  latter  are  the  property  of  the 
nobles  or  the  emperor. 

Twenty-two  millions  of  serfs  or  slaves  are  said  to 
be  owned  by  the  Autocrat  himself. 

St  PETEnsBUROM,  the  capital,  on  the  banks  of  the  Neva, 
and  60  deforces  from  the  equator,  is  one  of  the  most 

splmilid  oities  it)  the  world. 

Novgorod,  though  now  in  a  decayed  state,  was  once 
the  seat  nf  a  great  rt-public. 

Poliown  is  remarkable,  in  history,  for  a  great  battle 
fought  helweeii  Charlt^s  XII  of  Sweden,  and  Peter  the 
Grcnt  of  Uussia,  in  which  the  latter  gained  a  complete 
victory. 

Moscow  was  huriit  by  the  Russians,  in  1812,  to  prevent  ' 
its  fnlliii^r  into  ihi;  hmiilsof  the  French.    It  wiis celebrated 
!"or  «s  iiinnimolh  bell,  iht;  largest  ever  cast,  the  weight  of 
wli.cli  was  upwards  of  150  tans. 

Laplaud. 

Nsted  as  being  the  most  northern  country 
of  Europe.     It  is  owned  by  Rus.<)ia  and  Sweden. 

'I'he  inhabitants  are  called  Laplanders  or  iiappe. 
They  are  a  simple,  inoffijnsive  rape ;  strictly  honest ; 
and  live  to  a  great  age.  In  slattue  they  never  exceed 
five  feet. 


I 


'i 


40 


POETICAL    GEOGRAPHY, 


I 


RepiibUc  of  Cracow. 

Cra'-«}ow,  beside  Vistula,  takes  her  post, 
Known  for  the  mound  of  Kos-ci-us'-ko  most. 

Sweden. 

Stock-liolra,  in  Sweden,  is  the  brightest  star. 
On  seven  small  isles,  'tween  Baltic  and  Afa-lar'. 

At  Gotha's  mouth,  whose  fountain  head  is  Wenner, 
Fair  Gottenberg  spreads  her  commercial  banner. 

Of  Fah-lan's  copper  mine.s,  go  read  the  story, 
And  then,  for  iron,  look  at  Dan-c-mo-ra. 

In  fnr,  Tor-ne-a  trades  ;  she's  north  of  all ; 

Carls-cro-na,  south,  a  naval  station  call. 


IVorway. 


Malitrom. 


Ilie  Malstrom  on  the  const  of  Norway  i«  one  of  the  most  tfirrifi,. 
whirlpools  on  the  globe.    It  is  caused  hy  the  tide  between^wo  Af  S 
Iw)frotleu  islands,  and  is  so  powerful  as  to  draw  .hh^?^.^^     u  '.''^ 
from  the  distance  of  several  iSiles  "^  •'"P"  ^""^  *''"'"'' 

Christiana  on  the  Norway  coast  is  laid ; 
Iron  and  lumber  is  her  wealth  and  trade. 
Upon  the  western  coast,  is  seated  Bergen  ; 
In  lumber,  tar  and  fish,  her  commerce  urging. 

Dron^theim'  is  north  of  this,  along  the  flo(5— 
Of  Norway's  ancient  kings,  'twas  once  the  abode. 

Prussia. 

Berlin,  of  Prussia,  stands  upon  the  Spree, 
A  branch  of  Elbe,  of  royal  pedigree. 

Bres-lau  is  found  far  up  the  river  0-der, 
And  known  for  linens,  near  the  Polish  border. 

And  Konigsburg  is  seated  on  the  Pre-ffol, 
Whose  place  or  rank,  in  days  gone  by,  whs  regal. 

Next,  Dant-zic,  on  the  Via-tu-la,  we  greet,  "^ 
Great  mart  of  Poland,  for  exporting  wheat. 


j  Republic  of  Cracow. 

1      Noted  for  u  mound  raised  to  the  memory  of 
Kosciuako,  which  is  :I00  feet  in  highUi.  and  276  foot 
'  in  diameter  at  the  \mae. 

i 

j  Sweden. 

Noted  for  its  nuineroiis  ittkea.  It  is  a  level 
country,  with  the  climate  of  Caiiaila  East,  and  has 
about  2,400  iiiih-s  of  sea  coast. 

It  has  vuluaUie  mines  of  iron  and  copper. 

HanJIy  one  thirtieth  of  the  land  is  tillable. 

'i'he  higher  classes  of  the  Swedes  are  intelligent, 
brave  and  hospitnlile ;  hut  luxurious  and  ostentatious. 

J  he  peasants  are  simple,  kind  and  strictly  honest. 

1  he  complexion  of  the  Swedes  is  ruddy ;  the  hair 
flaien ;  and  their  beards  and  moustaches  have  been 
doscnlx;,!  hy  travelers  as  almost  white,  and  in  beauti- 
ful  keeping  with  their  blue  eyes  and  rich  «omplexioiM. 

ST.x-K.iotM.  between  Baltic  and  Malar,  i«  the  capital 
Dnnrmora  has  the  host  iron  in  the  world 
I-ahlnn  is  noted  (or  copper,  and  Tornea  for  fur. 

Charles  XII.  of  Sweden,  was  one  of  the  greatest 
01  modern  warriors.  He  came  to  the  throne  in  1697 
at  the  age  of  filieen.  In  his  seventeenth  vear,  he' 
^ught  the  combined  armies  of  Russia,  Poland  and 
Denmark,  and  gamed  over  them  a  decisive  victory 
In  us  first  battle  when  he  heard  the  hissing  of  the 
bullets  about  his  ear  he  exelaimed,  in  a  rapture 
"  i  hat  shall  be  my  music.''  ' 

Norway. 

Noted  for  itb  rugged  mountains,  cold  cli- 

mate,  gigantic  pines,  and  for  the  terrific  whirlpool 

■  on  Its  coast,  ca'led  the  Malstrom. 

I      It  is  united  with  Sweden  under  one  government 

though  each  state  enjoys  iu  own  constituUon,  its  own 

laws  and  legislature. 

From  1 380  to  1 8 1 4,  it  was  unite*!  to  Denmark ;  but 
since  that  time  it  has  formed  a  part  of  Sweden. 

It  is  one  of  the  most  mountainous  countries  in 
Lurope,  and  abounds  with  romantic  and  sutlime 
scenery. 

Christiani,  the  capital,  is  noted  for  iron  and 
lumber. 

Bergen,  upon  the  western  share,  carries  on  a  great 
trade  in  luml)cr,  tar  and  fish. 


Prussia 

Noted  for  its  rapid  rise  from  a  small  state 
to  one  of  the  hrst  powers  of  Europe. 

It  was  formerly  an  electorate  of  Germany  ;  Bran- 
denburg  the  basis  :  East  and  West  Pmssia  were  first 
added;  Silesia  was  wrested  from  .\ugtriaj  Posen 
from  Poland ;  and  a  part  of  Pomerania  from  Swe. 
den ;  and  Saxony,  Westphalia,  Clovesbiirg  and  the 

""*"  '^"'n")  wwc  added  in  1815. 

i Tm  priiictpai  rivers  are  all  navigajjle. 

Amhor  is  found  on  the  shores  of  the  Baltic. 

The  army  is  the  best  disciplined  in  Europe. 


J 


•!*■"■ 


f 


EUROPE. 


41 


Co-logne,  upon  the  Rhine,  with  Dutch  may  trade, 
A  water,  called  Cologne,  she  long  has  made. 
As  Frankfort  on  the  Oder  keeps  her  fairs, 
On  Elhe,  is  Mag-de-burg,  prepared  for  wars. 
As  Luther  lived  in  Wittenberg — in  Thorn, 
By  Vis-tu-la,  Copernicus  was  born. 

Aix  la  Cha-pelle  and  Til-sit  both,  we  find, 
Are  for  important  treaties  borne  in  mind. 

Austria. 

On  Danube's  banks,  o'er  Austria  stands  Vienna, 
Upon  a  fertile  plain,  she  rules  o'er  many. 

Prague  rules  Bohemia,  on  the  tide  Moldau ; 
Her  bulwarks  frown  upon  the  fields  below. 

North  of  Vienna  Aus'-ter-litz  appears. 
And  of  Napoleon's  victory  wears  tlie  scars. 

By  the  Adriatic  Oulf  xn  *hroned  Tri-este, 
Well  fortified,  of  Austria'    vorts  the  best 

And  near  the  Adriatic,     .ong  the  number, 
I'-dri-a,  for  quicksilver  mines,  remember. 


Buda  and  Pctlh. 

Budn,  on  the  went  bank  of  the  Dnnulie,  i«  connected  with  Feilh,  on 
the  eastern  bank,  by  a  bridf^e  of  bouts. 

At  Bu-da's  baths  and  palaces,  now  look — 
By  Danube's  western  bank,  upon  a  rock ; 
With  this,  connected  by  a  bridge  of  boats, 
Pesth,  on  the  eastern  bank,  her  trade  promotes. 

Schem'-nitz  and  Krem'-nitz,  'mong  the  mountains 
Well  known  for  mines  of  silver  and  of  gold,      [old, 

To-kay',  for  wines  ;  as  Presburg,  well  you  know, 
Was  Hungary's  capital,  some  years  ago. 

Lem-berg,  for  inland  trade  ;  of  Polish  birth, 
Wie-licz'-ka  from  her  salt  mines  draws  her  worth. 

Bavaria  waves  her  banners  by  the  I'-ser,  [«-ser] 
Bavaria's  capital,  she's  known  to  be,  sir. 


It«  system  of  common  school  education  is  consid- 
ered the  best  in  the  world. 

Bkklin,  thii  capital,  on  the  Spree,  a  branch  of  the 
Elbe,  is  one  of  the  most  splendid  citira  in  Europe. 

Konigsburt;  was  once  the  capital  of  the  whole 
kingdom. 

Frankfort,  on  the  Oder,  is  noted  for  fairs. 

Magdeburg,  on  th«  Elbe,  is  strongly  fortified. 

Wittenberg  was  the  residence  of  Luther. 

Thorn  was  the  residence  of  Copernicus. 

Aix  la  Chapelle  and  Tilsit  are  noted  for  Ij'eaties. 

Austria. 

One  of  the  most  important  states  of  Europe; 
one  third  larger  than  France,  and  twice  as  laige  ai 
Great  Britain  and  Ifeland. 

It  is  richer  in  minerals  than  any  other  Euroi>ean 
state. 

llie  Archduchy  of  Austria  is  the  original  basis 
of  this  Empire.  Hungary  was  obtained  in  1438,  bv 
marriage;  Gallicia  in  1792,  by  the  dismemlwrment 
of  Poland.  The  Italian  provinces  were  annexed 
in  1815. 

VimiTNA,  on  a  fertile  plain,  and  atuated  upon  the 
Danube,  is  the  capital. 

Prague,  on  the  Moldau,  a  strongly  fortified  town, 
is  the  capital  of  Bohemia. 

Austerlitz,  north  of  Vienna,  is  noted  for  a  great 
victory  of  Napoleon  over  the  Austrians. 

Trieste,  by  the  Adriatic,  a  strongly  fortified  town, 
has  the  best  port  in  Austria. 

Buda,  noted  for  baths,  on  the  Danube,  is  con- 
nected with  Pesth,  on  the  eastern  side,  by  a  bridge  of 
boats. 

Wiciiczka,  a  town  of  Poland,  is  noted  for  salt 
mines. 


^fa*  .,;i?^-^i'^^ii?-r 


^'  "■  r 


Kremniiz. 

Kremnitz  and  Schemnitz.  amonfr  the  mountains  of  Hun- 
gar)',  are  noted  for  g»ld  and  vilver  mines. 

Ohermem  States. — ^Bavaria. 

Bavaria,  in  the  southeastern  part,  is,  next 
to  Austria  and  Praisia,  the  most  important  state  in 
Germany. 

The  Black  Forest  and  the  Alp,  two  ninsses  of 
mountains,  form  one  principal  feature  of  this  state. 
I'hey  nre  bleak  regions,  with  little  wood  or  vcnlure. 

Agriculture  is  in  a  backward  state,  and  manufactures 
have  been  neglected. 

BArAWA,  on  the  Iser,  it  the  capital. 


I 


42 


POETICAL    GEOGRAPHY. 


For  watches  known,  inventions,  toys  and  books, 
At  Nuremberg,  the  traveler  often  looks. 

Blenheim,  on  Danube,  and  the  Ho-hen-Iin-den, 
From  Mu'-nich,  east,  the  war-horse  once  reclined  on. 

•     Saxony. 

For  h«r  picture  galleries  known,  now  look  at 
Beside  the  Elbe,  as  Saxony,  she  rests  in.   [Dresden, 

In  fairs  and  commerce,  let  fair  Leip'-sic  reign, 
As  Meis'-sen,  on  the  Elbe,  makes  porcelain ; 

And  Frey'-berg,  by  two  hundred  mines  surrounded. 
Has  there  a  mining  institution  founded. 

Hanover. 

Upon  the  Seine,  from  the  western  shores,  just  over, 
Well  fortified  and  strong,  is  fair  Hanover. 

Up  the  same  tide,  has  Gottenburg  her  post, 
Klnown  for  her  university  the  most. 

A  North  Sea  port,  for  vessels  great  and  small, 
£m'-den  is  on  the  Enu,  northwest  of  all. 

Wlrtemberg. 

Stutt'-gard  of  Wir'-tem-berg,  as  first  may  shine. 
Upon  a  branch  of  the  fair  flowing  Rhine.      [dress, 

On  Danube's  banks,  Ulm  wears  her  shining  war- 
O'er  Europe,  noted  for  a  mighty  fortress. 

Baden. 

Carls-ru'-he,  near  the  Rhine,  rules  over  Ba'-den, 
Whose  shores,  with  Man'-heim,  farther  north,  are 


The  battle  of  Hohenlinden,  wn«re  Moreau 
gained  one  of  his  great  victories,  is  commemoraied 
by  Campbell  in  a  sublime  and  glowing  song,  of  which 
the  following  is  an  extract  : 

On  Linden  when  the  sun  was  low, . 
All  bloodless  lay  the  untrodden  snow, 
And  dark  as  winter  was  the  flow. 

Of  Iser,  rolling  rapidly. 
But  Linden  saw  another  sight, 
When  the  drum  beat  at  dead  of  night. 
Commanding  fires  of  death  to  light, 

The  darkness  of  her  scenery. 


laden. 

SmiUI  Carman  States. 

Mentz,  on  the  river  Rhine,  invented  printing ; 
Of  war,  her  bulwarks  seem  to  be  a  hinting. 

Weimar,  the  capital  of  Saxe  Weimar, 
Has  been  the  abode  of  many  a  learned  dreamer ; 

Je'-na,  southeast  of  this,  her  place  may  fix, 
Remembered  for  the  fray  of  eighteen  'six.     [1806 

Free  Cities. 

Frankfort,  known  for  her  Federative  Diet, 

Hamburg,  upon  the  Elbe,  has  fixed  her  station. 
Where  vessels  come  to  trade,  of  &f&[-^  nation. 


Saxony. 

The  smallest  kingdom  in  Europe,  though 
the  people  are  the  best  educated. 

Agriculture  and  mining  mostly  form  the  occupation 
of  the  inhabitants. 

The  Saxon  sheep  are  noted  for  their  wool. 

Commerce  and  manufactures  are  extensive. 

pKBDSN.  on  the  Elbe,  is  iioied  for  ii«  picturs  galleries. 

Leipiic  is  nojed  for  fairs. 

Freyberg,  in  the  center  of  the  mining  district,  is  noted 
for  Us  mining  iuitiiution. 

Hanover. 

Hanover  became  a  kingdom  in  1816. 

It  is  mostly  an  extensive  plain,  with  gentle  rising 
grounds,  and  nearly  destitute  of  mountains.  The 
Haitz  Mountains  are  rich  in  mines,  which  are  exten- 
sively wrought 

STt;TroAKD,  on  a  branch  of  the  Rhine,  is  the  capital. 
£mden  on  the  Ems,  is  the  principal  port  for  the  North 
Soa  trade. 

Gottenburg,  on  ths  Seiae,  is  noted  for  iu  tmivcrsiiy. 

Wlrtemberg. 

Voted  OS  being  the  best  cultivated  part  of 
Germany. 
Erected  into  a  kingdom  in  1806. 
Its  mountains  are  rich  in  minerals. 

Baden.  . 

A  narrow  but  fertile  plain  on  the  east  side 
of  the  Rhine. 

Cahurdhe,  is  the  capital. 

Small  aerman  State*. 

Hesse  Darmstadt  consists  of  three  seps> 
rate  districte ;  two  north,  and  the  other  south  of  the 
River  Mayne. 

Saxe  Weimar  is  noted  for  its  high  rank  in 
literature  and  the  arts. 

Jena  is  noted  for  a  great  battle  between  the  French 
and  PrusRiana,  where  Napoleon  gained  one  of  his 
greatest  victories. 

Free  Cltiee, 

Mentz,  strongly  fortified,  is  noted  aa  being 
the  place  where  printing  was  invented. 


i 


^ 


Ju 


EUROPE. 


t 


u 


43 


Seated  upon  her  western  banks,  is  Bremen, 
Noted  for  commerce,  and,  of  towns,  a  freeman. 

Lu-bec',  though  in  obscurity  immersed. 
In  the  famed  Hanseatic  League,  was  first. 

Switzerland. 


The  Devil's  Bridge. 

The  Devil's  Bridge,  in  Switzerland,  is  built  over  the  Reuss,  a  roam- 
ing, rapid  torrent,  that  emptie*  in  lake  Lucerne,  after  passing  through 
the  canton  of  Uri.  The  seusation  produced  by  looking  from  the  top, 
is  giddy  and  sublime ;  and  the  roar  of  waters  almost  deafening. 

Of  Switzerland's  towns,  Berne  stands  upon  the 
Lau-sanne,  upon  Geneva,  has  her  fare  ;  [Aar ; 

These  two,  with  Zurich,  on  her  lake  or  sea,  \zu'-rick 
Are  noted  for  their  splendid  scenery. 

Known  as  the  place  where  paper  first  was  made. 
And  for  her  school,  Basle  on  the  Ehine  is  laid,  [bale 

Scauff-hau'-sen,  for  a  cataract  of  the  Rhine  ; 

Lu-cerne',  where  towers  the  forest  tree,  sublime. 

Known  for  her  council,  of  religious  make, 
CSonstance,  northeast  of  all,  is  by  the  Lake. 

Belgluna. 


,  ,„ ^m-^ 


Brussels. 
Brussels,  in  Belgium,  is  noted  for  carpets,  lacs,  caniblets,  ftc. 

Brussels,  in  Belgium,  on  a  branch  of  Scheldt,  [skelt 
In  carpets,  lace  and  camblets,  long  has  dealt. 


The  fotir  free  cities  of  Germany  are  all  that  remain 
of  the  Hanse  or  imperial  towns ;  which  once  num- 
bered eighty-five  d  the  most  commercial  cities  in 
Europe. 

Fkankfort,  the  capital  of  Germany,  is  noted  for 
fiurs,  and  as  the  place  where  the  German  or  Federa- 
tive Diet,  or  Congress  assemble. 

Switzerland. 

One  of  the  most  mountainous  countries  of 
Europe.    Noted  for  its  sublime  and  romantic  scenery. 

It  is  divided  into  twenty-two  cantons,  which  ai» 
each  independent  republics,  united  together  for  the 
purpose  of  common  defense. 

The  Swiss  mountaineers  are  noted  for  hospitality 
and  love  of  liberty. 

The  country  abounds  with  lofty  mountains,  cov- 
ered with  perpetual  snow ;  glaciers,  or  lakes  of  ice ;. 
torrents  that  roar  and  foam  down  the  rocks ;  and 
avalanches,  or  immense  masses  of  snow. 

Berne,  LucER.NB  and  Zvrich  are  the  capitals  of 
Switzerland ;  they  are  noted  for  the  grandeur  of  their 
scenery. 

Basle,  noted  for  its  university,  and  as  the  place 
where  paper  was  first  made,  is  on  the  Rhine. 

Schauffhausen  is  near  the  celebrated  cataract  of 
the  Rhine. 

Constance,  by  Lake  Constance,  is  noted  for  its 
ecclesiasiical  council. 

The  Caverw  of  the  trbee  Teim. — ^The 
three  founders  of  the  Helvetic  confederacy  are  thought 
to  sleep  in  a  cavern  near  the  Lake  of  Lucerne.  It 
is  supposed  that  if  Switzerland  is  ever  enchained,  they 
will  arise  and  vindicate  her  rights. 

When  U  ri's  beechen  woods  wave  red, 

In  the  burning  hamlet's  light ; 
Then  from  the  cavern  o(  the  dead. 
Shall  the  sleepers  walk  in  might. 

With  a  li^ap  like  Tell's  proud  leap, 
When  away  the  helm  he  flung. 
And  boldly  iip  the  steep 
From  the  flashing  billow  sprung. 

They  shall  wake  beside  the  forest  sea, 

In  the  ancient  garb  they  wore. 
When  they  linked  the  hands  that  made  us  free, 
On  the  Grutli's  moonlight  shore. 
And  their  voices  shall  l>«  beard. 
And  he  answered  with  a  shout. 
Till  the  echoing  Alps  are  heard. 
And  the  signal  fires  blaze  out. 

Mrs.  Hemant. 

Belgium. 

Noted  for  its  fertility  ;  its  high  state  of 
cultivation  ;  and  for  its  being  the  most  thickly  popu- 
lated of  any  country  of  Europe. 

The  Belgians  were  formerly  called  Flemings. 

Belgium  once  belonged  to  Austria,  and  then  to 
France.  In  ISl.*)  it  was  united  with  Holland  It 
became  a' separate  State  in  1830,  when  Leopold  took 
the  throne. 

Brussels,  the  capital,  u  noted  for  its  carpets,  lace, 
camblets,  &c. 


I 


44 


POETICAL    GEOGRAPHY. 


From  Brussels,  north,  in  miles,  just  twenty-five, 
Antwerp,  upon  the  Scheldt,  her  trade  may  drive  ; 
Of  her  cathedral,  there  is  much  renown, 
That  climbs  the  heavens  in  feet,  four,  forty-one.(44 1 ) 

Ghent,  for  a  treaty  known,  we  next  will  scan. 
Just  thirty  miles  southwest  of  Amsterdam. 

Nine  miles  from  Brussels,  south,  is  Waterloo, 
Where  met  Napoleon  his  overthrow.         [quarters. 

Liege,  known  for  firearms,  makes  the  Meiue  her 

Mech'-lm  for  lace,  and  Spa  for  mineral  waters. 

Tour'-ney  and  Mons  along  the  French  frontier. 
Safe  in  their  battlements,  need  nothing  fear. 

Denmark. 

And  Copenhagen  stands  on  Zealand  isle  ; 
As,  by  the  Elbe,  Al-to'-na  reigns  the  while. 
From  Copenhagen,  north,  on  Zealand's  shore. 
Where  vessels  pay  their  toll,  is  El-si-nore'. 

Holland. 


Winter  Scene  in  Holland. 

Li  Holland,  near  the  coast,  Hague  makes  her  claim; 
As,  thirty  miles  northeast,  is  Amsterdam; 
The  last  stands  on  an  arm  of  Zuy-der  Zee, 
Known  for  canals,  where  boats  pass  merrily. 

As  Rotterdam  is  seated  on  the  Meme  ;  \muce 

Harlem,  by  Harlem  Lake,  of  flowers  makes  use. 

As  a  naval  depot,  next,  remember  Flushing, 
U-trecht',  for  peace,  where  river  Rhine  is  blushing. 

Tbe  StateM  of  Italy.— Sardinia. 

Much  noted  for  her  silks,  beside  the  Po, 
Tu-rin  rules  o'er  Sardinia  you  know,  (tu-reen') 

Gen'-o-a,  built  upon  a  mountain's  side, 
otill  Gi  v--Oiuniuus  makes  her  boast  and  pride. 

Here,  Al-es-san'-dria  and  Ma-ren'-go's  known, 
The  last,  where  fought  the  great  Napoleon. 


.\ntwerp  is  noted  for  its  cathedral,  the  spire  of 
which  w  441  feet  high.  ^ 

Ghent  is  the  pluce  where  peace  between  the  United 
States  and  Great  Britain  was  concluded. 

Waterloo  is  famous  for  one  of  the  greatest  battles 
ever  fought;  a  battle  that  decided  the  fate  of  Europe 
and  Napoleon. 
I'he  following  extracts  are  from  Byron's  Waterloo: 
And  there  wai  mounting  in  hot  haite  j  the  iteed, 
1  he  muHering  squadron,  and  the  clatterinir  car 
Went  pourintr  forward  with  impetuous  speed. 
And  swiftly  forming  In  the  ranks  of  war. 

•  •  #  •  #         . 

I-ast  noon  beheld  them  full  of  lusty  life. 
Liist  eye  in  beauty's  circle  proudly  gay, 
The  midnight  brought  the  signal  sound  of  strife,— 
1  he  morn,  the  marshaling  in  arms,— the  day. 
Buttle'*  magnificently  stern  array ! 
The  thunder-clouds  close  o'er  it,  which  when  rent, 
«ru  *f 'i"*  '■  ««>*««<1  »h'ek  with  other  clay, 
Which  her  own  clay  shall  cover,  heaped  and  pent, 
Kider  and  horse,  friend,  foe,  in  one  red  burial  blent 

Denmark. 

Denmark  comprises  the  peninsula  of  Jut- 
land, the  duchies  of  Holstein  and  Lauenberg,  together 
with  Fuen  and  Zealand,  with  the  foreign  possessions 
of  Greenland,  Iceland,  Faroe  Islands,  &e. 

The  soil  is  fertile  and  well  adapted  to  pasturage. 

'J'he  atmosphere  is  thick  and  cloudy,  but  generally 
suJubrious  and  healthy. 

The  Danes  are  honest  and  well  educated. 

The  principal  source  of  influence  of  this  state,  is 
tlie  command  of  the  entrance  to  the  Baltic  It  exacts 
a  toll  of  all  ships  that  pass  in  and  out  of  that  sea 
CopsNHAOKN,  ou  the  island  of  Zealand,  is  the  capital. 

Holland. 

The  land  of  the  Dutch,  formerly  called  the 
Netherlands. 

'i;his  is  a  flat,  level  country,  .below  the  bed  of  the 
sea ;  which  is  kept  from  encroaching  and  overflowing 
the  land  by  means  of  dykes  or  embankments. 

Canals  serve  the  purpose  of  streets,  and  are  the 
highways  for  the  commerce  of  the  kingdom. 

The  Dutch  are  the  most  inveterate  smokers  in  the 
world. 

They  have  colonies  in  South  America,  West  Af- 
nca,  Java,  and  other  Asiatic  islands. 

AMsrEHnAM,  the  capital,  on  Zuyder  Zee,  is  noted 
for  Its  canals,  that  serve  the  purpose  of  streets. 

Italy. 

A  peninsula  in  the  southern  part  of  Europe  • 
noted  as  having  been  the  seat  of  the  Roman  Empire' 
and  of  the  Popes,  and  as  the  land  of  sculpture,  paint- 
ing, architecture  and  music. 

It  is  distinguished  likewise  for  its  mild  climate,  and 
as  being  the  most  delightful  country  of  Europe. 

It  is  now  divided  into  several  different  states  or 
governments,  the  principal  of  which  are  as  follnwii.- 

1.  The  kingdom  of  Naples,  or  the  two  Sicilies,  i 
2.  The  States  of  the  Church.     3.  Grand  Duchy  of  i 
Tuscany.     4.  The  kingdom  of  Sardinia.    B.  The 
kingdom  of  Lombardy  and  Venice.  | 

'-^i^^^^ —       •■-"■  ' '"■'  •■    I,  „,  ,  .1 


the  spira  of 

en  the  United 

eatest  battles 
ite  of  Europe 

i'«  Waterloo: 

e  iteed, 

ng'car 

peed, 


■trire,— 
hen  rent, 

y. 

and  pent, 
trial  blent 


lit  of  Jut- 
lerg,  together 
I  poweaaioiM 
c. 

pasturage. 
)Ut  generally 

ted. 

this  state,  is 
ic  It  exacts 
that  sea. 
the  capital. 


called  the 

e  bed  of  the 

overflowing 

ents. 

ind  are  the 

3m. 

Dkers  in  the 

I,  West  Af- 

ee,  is  noted 
reets. 


f  Europe ; 
an  Empire, 
ture,  paint- 

limate,  and 

urope. 

t  states  or 

B  followfi : 

ro  Sicilies. 

Duchy  of 

.    6.  The 


!i! 


MBWl 


it—wiiimi 


HiMWillllll 


EUROPE. 


45 


Upon  Sardinia's  iale,  behold  Sas'sa'-ri 
High  to  the  north,  ^rhile  south  is  one  Cagl-ia'-ri. 

liOmbardy  and  Tenlce. 

For  her  Cathedral  known,  the  fair  Mi-lan', 
Upon  the  west  of  Lombtkrdy  we  scan  ; 

Venice,  beside  the  A-dri-at-ic  smiles. 
High  to  the  head  on  serenty-two  small  isles. 

As  Virgil's  birth  place,  next  Man-tu'-a  know, 
That  keeps  her  station  on  the  rolling  Po. 

Lo'-di  is  west  of  this,  a  warlike  town, 
"Where  Bonaparte  a  splendid  victory  won. 

States  of  tile  Cltufch. 

Rome,  by  the  Tiber,  keeps  her  ancient  seat. 
Known  for  her  temples  and  her  structures  great; 
Her  columns,  arches,  monuments  we  hail. 
But  the  far  famed  St.  Peter's  first  of  all. 
As  fair  Bo-logn-a  keeps  the  northern  border, 
An-co'-na,  to  the  souUi-east,  boasts  her  harbor. 

The  Tiro  Sicilies. 


Naples,  lU'ur  Monnt  VeKiiviiis,  h«!>  lon^  '•efii  noleil  tor  lh«  l)e«iilv  of 
its  bay.  the  (l^liciou»ll(;s^s  ol"  il«  cliiutite.  and  the  pictnremiQe  soeiiory 
in  its  vicinity. 

Near  Mount  Vesuvius  let  Naples  lay. 
Long  noted  for  the  beauty  of  her  Bay. 

Pa-ler'-mo  sits  on  Sicily's  fair  isle. 
And  there  Mes-si'-aa  and  Ca-ta'-ni-a  smile. 

As  Syracuse  is  known  for  ancient  splendor^ 
The  wine  cup  to  Mar-sa'-la  we  may  tender. 


SardlnlA. 

Th«  kingdom  of  Sardinia  etnbraceB  the 
island  of  Sardinia,  and  the  north wcBtcrn  part  of  Italy. 

'i'hc  latter  has  a  tine  soil  and  inlld  climate. 

Thn  Island  of  Sardinia  has  an  area  of  tlbotit 
10,00(t  square  mites ;  it  is  a  trifle  larger  than  Sicily. 

A  large  portion  of  the  surface  is  hiily  and  moun* 
tainous.  It  produces  every  variety  of  friiiti  common 
to  southern  Europe. 

Tviu:^,  the  capital  of  Sardinia,  On  the  Po,  is  noted 
for  sillu. 

Genoa  is  noted  as  the  birthplace  of  Columbus. 

Marengo  for  a  great  victory  uf  Napoleon  over  the 
Awtrians,  in  1800. 

Lombardy  and  Venice. 

Lombardy  and  Venice,  or  Austrian  Italy,  is 
situated  between  the  Kiver  Po  and  the  Alps. 

It  is  ore  of  the  beat  cultivated  states  of  Italy,  and 
belongs  to  Austria. 

Lombardy  Is  in  the  west  and  Venice  in  the  Ciist. 

Milan,  in  the  west  of  Lombardy,  is  noted  for  its 
cathedral. 

Venice  is  situated  on  seventy-two  small  islands,  at 
the  head  of  the  Adriatic,  or  Oulf  of  Venice'. 

Mantua  is  noted  a.s  tiie  l)irthplaou  of  Virgil. 

Loili  for  one  of  Napoleon's  most  splendid  victories. 

States  of  the  Church.  '^ 

Rome,  the  most  celebrated  city  on  the  globe, 
is  fifteen  miles  from  the  mouth  of  ti\i.'  'J'iber.  .•\  inong 
th(!  structures  and  monuments  uf  greatness),  that 
e\cite  the  interest  of  travelers,  is  the  great  St.  Peter's, 
the  largest  cathedral  ever  built 

Naples. 

Naples,  of  the  two  Sicilies,  includes  the 
I  Houthern  part  of  Italy,  the  island  of  !r*icily,  and  the 
I.ipitri  Isles. 

'i'hrse  enjoy  a  wmm  climate,  and  have  a  fertile 
soil,  that  produces  the  greatest  variety  of  grains  and 
fruits. 

'I'he  isisnd  of  Sicily  was  Ibrmerly  called  the  Gra- 
naiy  of  Itnly. 

AKricHlture  ami  mnnufacture.s,  notwithstanding, 
lire  in  a  very  backward  state. 

NAi'LESf  seven  miles  from  Mount  A'e.suviua,  is 
noted  fer  its  beautiful  bay. 

Syracuse  is  noted  for  i(a  ancient  splendor. 
Marsala,  for  its  delicjoua  wines. 

Grand  Duchy  of  Tuscany. 

One  of  the  most  populous  states  of  Italy. 

The  people  are  industrious  and  enterprising. 

Maniifacturcs,  a»  well  as  agriculture  ai6  flourishing. 

Flobencf,,'  on  the  river  Arno,  is  noted  for  painting 
and  sculptnre. 

Pisa,  for  its  leaning  tower,  1 90  feet  high,  and  14 
ffom  a  perpendicalar. 


I     'it 


i 


^  5 


46 


POETICAL    GEOGRAPHY, 


Arand  Dachy  of  Tuscany. 


Turkey  in  Burope< 


Florence. 

-..^SL'T^'  ■''"■"«•  °"  'he  Anio,  is  noted  for  its  Gallery  of  PaintinM 
and  Sculpture.    It  is  one  of  the  most  beautiful  cities  in  Europe 

Flor'-ence  is  seated  on  the  Amo's  banks  ; 
In  sculpture  and  in  painting,  high  she  ranks. 

Pi-sa  is  noted  for  her  leaning  tower ;  (pe-za) 
Leg-horn',  near  by,  m  commerce  boasts  her  power. 

SmaU  States. 

M o-de'-na  rules  the  Duohy  of  Modena ; 
Carrara  there,  for  marble 's  known  to  many. 
Ajaccio  blooms  on  Corsica's  rich  coast» 
And  as  Napoleon's  birth-place  let  it  boast. 

JMoDENA  ie  the  capital  of  Modena. 
Varrara  is  noted  for  its  beautiful  marbleu 
Ajaccio,  on  the  island  of  Cornea,  is  noted  as  the  Inrthplaoe  of 
Napoleon. 

Turkey  In  Europe. 

Near  Bos'-pho-rus,  in  sight  of  Asia's  shore, 
Constantinople  hears  Mar-mo'-ra's  roar; 
Well  fortified,  her  harbor  let  her  boast, 
Her  mosques  and  temples,  but  seraglio  most  i 

And  A-dri-an-o'-pl«  sits  in  ancient  Thrace, 
Upon  JIfa-ris-aa's  banks  her  trading  place. 

Greece. 

Ath'-ens,  in  Greece,  a  town  of  age  and  fame, 
Beside  the  Gulf  E-gi'-na  writes  her  name. 

Hy'-dra,  upon  an  island  takes  her  rest ; 

Na-po'-li  has  a  harbor  called  the  beat : 

And  Navarino  is  remembered  yet, 
For  the  destruction  of  the  Turkish  fleet, 
In  18-27,  when  Frank  and  Russ,  (1827) 
And  Britain,  all  combined  the  Turk  to  crush. 

A~4   \ti 1 /    _-t_!     »       .       «... 

j^^itM.  jota-av-vm  'gill,  lasi  01  ail,  beside 
The  Gulf  Pa-tras',  —  the  place  where  Byron  died. 


1     The  seat  of  the  Ottoman  Empiref  and  the^ 

i  most  southeastern  country  of  Europe. 
'      It  is  interspersed   with  mountains,  talleys,  and 
rivers. 

It  is  mostly  watered  by  the  Danube  and  branches. 
It  has  a  fertile  soil,  and  mild  climate ;  and  under  a 
liberal  government  Would  bo  one  of  the  finest  coun- 
tries of  Europe. 

The  court  is  called  the  Ottoman  Porte,  or  Sublime 
Porte. 

CoxsTANTiJfoPLB,  in  the  southeastern  part  of 
Europe,  upon  the  Bosphorus,  near  Asia  and  the  sea 
of  Marmora,  is  one  of  the  finest  cities  of  Europe. 
The  seraglio,  or  imperial  palace,  is  a  chy  of  itaelC 

Oreeoe- 

One  of  the  most  distinguished  countries  on 
the  globe.  Noted  for  its  great  antiquity,  and  for 
having  been  the  cradle  of  the  arts  and  sciences. 

It  has  lately  been  rescued  from  Turkish  thraldom, 
by  the  cotnbined  aid  of  Russia,  France  and  Eng- 
land ;  and  is  now  in  a  prosperous  condition. 

Athens  is  noted  for  its  antiquity,  and  importance 
in  former  tin.es. 

Navarino  is  noted  for  the  destruction  of  the  Turk- 
ish fleet,  October  80th,  1827,  by  the  combmed  fleets 
of  the  French,  English  and  Russians,  under  Admiral 
Codrington. 

Missolonghi  is  noted  as  being  the  place  of  Byron's 
death;  Apnl  19th,  1824. 


Athens. 

Athens,  the  capital  of  Greece,  was  one  of  the  most  cele- 
brated cities  of  antiquity.  It  was  anciently  the  seat  of 
learning,  eloquence,  phiissophy,  poetry,  and  the  fine  arts. 


Town  of  Syra. 

l.tfii^'""  ''^"''  "1="°°!;, Syra,  in  if.e  Grecian  Archipelago, 
is  built  on  a  conical  hill,  and  has  a  very  singular  ap«eBT- 
S^JLToJ.^i"'*-    "  '•  «'"•«>'»•«•  moit  flouAihing 


\ 


Rvim  OF  Palmtra. — The  ruins  of  Palmyra  are  among  the  most  remarkable  anywhere  found,  consisting  mostly  of  temples, 
palaces,  porticos,  &c.,  of  Grecian  architeeture.    It  is  supposed  to  be  the  Tadmor  in  the  desert,  built  by  Solomon. 


Asia  is  noted  as  the  largest  of  the  grand  divisions  of  the  globe ;  as  having  been 
tlie  abode  of  our  first  parents,  and  the  theater  where  most  of  the  events,  recorded 
in  the  scriptures,  transpired,  and  as  containing  more  inhabitants  than  all  the  rest 
of  world. 


Capes. 

Cape  Taif''nuntr'a  parrilel  is  anenty-aecen,    (770) 
Where  one  eternal  winter  finds  a  haren. 
Near  seventy-two  Soi-a'-toi's  limits  run ;  (7^ 

As  Skot-at-akoi  is  scarcely  aeventy-one.  CI®) 

East  Cape,  beneath  tho  Arctic  Circle  lies, 
While  soutn  and  west,  Fa^k'-va  's  seen  to  rise ; 
And  Pack-a-chin'-skoi,  with  Lo-pat'-ka  lower, 
From  cold  Kam-schat'-ka's  bleak  and  frozen  shore. 

The  Gulf  8i-am'  around  Cambodia  ra^es ; 
Ma-lac'-ca  rears  Ro-tna'-nia  o'er  the  waves. 

And  Cape  Ne-graa'  lies  westward  from  Ran-goon', 
Where  the  Bay  of  Bengal  heaves  the  watery  moan. 
Souili  of  Hindooaian,  Com-o-rin  we  nee, 
North  eight,  and  east  th*  seventy-eighth  degre*. 


And  Mua-Mti-doon' ,  and  Rot-al-gtuF,  belong 
In  \t'-e^f,  and  finish  out  the  song. 


RiTers. 

Tcbot  and  b'-dm  with  the  l-'-tiah  join 
In  ff-bi's  stream,  that  rolls  to  Obi's  brme. 
And  Yen-e-se'-t  with  Tori'Soos'-ka  glide 
Where  Pi-a^i'.na  scours  Sie  Arctic  tide. 
There  An-a-bar'-a  and  0-knsK  unfold. 
With  Lff^a  in  the  same  bleak  ocean  roll'd. 
And  Ya'-na  drives,  amid  the  fitnea  Bpnj, 
With  tn-di-gri'-ea  and  dork  KtW-a-ma. 

And  An-<MMr  pours  eaiitward  to  the  sea, 
Last  in  the  list  (^  oold  Siberia. 


WT 


•  ^: 


POBTICAL    QKOORAPHY. 


JMUiMi 


mVlCIiS  Of  tHK  SAStKMlf   COAST. 

Sott'ga'ri  drives,  jdined  with  the  bold  A'lnou/, 
In  'rartary'*  Uhaunel,  from  the  Tartar  shore. 
Ho-otig'  Ho  and  Ki^ung  Ku  eastward  strdj, 
From  Chineae  shJtW  into  the  YellotV  Sea. 
From  China,  to  1 6t  sea,  H(hang'  Ki-ang' 
For  ages  past,  hns  'neath  the  tiopic  sang. 
O'er  India's  pi*  is,  China  and  'rhlJ)et  too, 
To  China  Sea,  Jani^bo^i-a  murmurs  low. 

RIVKRH   OT   tHK   SOUtliKRM   COAflPt. 
From  Thibet  .outh^rard  roils  the  iMra-wad'-dat 
O'er  IndiA'B  Jains,  a  bold,  gigantic  body. 
And  Bur^t-poo'^er,  called  by  some  San'poc/, 
From  ThiN  t  eoaun  paaeing  Hindoostan  through. 


Jumma'  and  Gan'-gea,  both  of  Hindoo  birth  | 

Go-dave't^ry  too,  and  Kruf'na,  in  her  mirth, 

To  the  Bay  of  Bengal  send  their  billows  forth. 

Westward  Ntr-budtlah  rolls  to  Cambay  Gulf, 

Smiling  on  Hindoo  shores,  as  smiies  the  sylph. 

The  Iit'-dus  empties  in  the  A'rnb  Sea, 

'Twcen  Hindoo,  Af.ghan,  and  the  Bel«oo-choe'. 

Hel'tnundt  runs  Westward  into  Dura  Lake, 

Whose  murmuring  Waves  the  Afghan  borders  shake. 

The  Ted'zen  mingles  with  the  Caspian  brine, 

'Tween  Persian  shores  and  Taftary  the  line. 

And  Ji'Jwn  rolls  with  Si''hnn  by  her  side, 

In  TarUry,  where  Aral  opens  wide. 

The  Ti'gria  and  the  great  Ewphra-iu  joined* 

Into  the  Persian  Oolf  with  murmurs  wind. 


! 


I 


TOWNS 
Siberia. 


AND   COUNTRIES. 

Siberia. 


Traveling  in  Siberia. 


Tl  traveling  ih  Siberia  is  perfoTrrted  mostly  by  ntcaHj  of  dogs. 
Thr  J.  live,  nevert  or  more,  as  the  load  require*,  are  h.iine»i><>d 
los.  n.T  before  the  light  sled*.  >*rhioh  are  ealily  drawn  over  llie  ice 
aar  snow. 

ro-bolsV,  Upon  the  fo'-boU  is  the  place, 
0  r  chief  abode  of  Russia's  exiled  race. 

Ir-koutsk',  on  the  An-ga'-n-a  river  seen, 
Chief  town  of  East  Si-be-ri-a,  I  ween. 

Ki-ach'-ta  on  Se-lin'-ga's  banks  is  laid> 
The  only  spot  v/here  Russ  and  Chinese  trade. 

Ya-kutsk'  on  Le-na,  Ok'-hotsk  near  the  tide, 
Are  by  the  fur-trade,  in  one  bond  allied. 

Japan. 

On  Niph'-on  Isle,  Jed-do  stands  fii'st  in  place, 
With  near  two  millions  of  the  human  race. 

Me-a'-co  where  Dlari  makes  abode,  (da-oo-'ree) 
One  hundred  sixty  from  the  Jeddo  road. 

And  Nan'-ga-sack'-i  is  the  only  port, 
Where  European  traders  make  resort. 

Independent  Tartary. 

And  Bok'-ha-ra  and  Sam-4r-cand'  abide, 
In  Tartary  along  the  ITo-kuk  tide. 

Oi.' ««j  Tnb'-nar>f  Kxf  ihn  f!i'-hnn  keen. 

By  Ji'-hon's  Waters  Balkh  and  Kie'-va  sleep* 


Siberia,  or  Russian  Asia,  is  noted  as  being 
an  almost  unbounded  expanse  of  level,  frozen  desert. 
It  ei^tends  from  the  Ural  Mountains  to  the  Pacific 

Ocean. 

Some  of  the  southern  districts  are  fertile. 

The  Ural  and  Atlay  Mountains  yield  gold,  silver, 
platina  and  precious  stones. 

Tobolsk,  this  chief  town  in  Siberia,  is  noted  as 
the  residence  of  distinguished  exiles. 

Kiachta  is  the  only  place  where  tlie  CWneee  allo^iv 
the  Russians  to  trade. 

Yakutsk  and  Okhotsk  are  the  chief  emporiums  of 
the  fur  trade. 

Japao. 

A  small  empire  eaat  of  Asia  ;  comprising 
the  islands  of  Niphon,  Jesso,  Kiusiu  and  Sikolce. 

The  inhabitants  are  the  most  civiir«d,  tho  best 
educated,  and  sustain  the  best  morals  oi  any  country 
of  Asia.  . 

It  is  the  only  country  of  .\8ia  Where  the  rigM^of 
Women,  are  respected. 

Their  laws  are  vefy  severe ;  quartering  the  body, 
immersion  in  hot  oil,  crucifying,  &c.,  are  ainotig  their 
modes  of  punishmfiiit. 

The  parent  miYera  for  the  child's  crimen,  and  the 
child  for  the  parent's. 

J  Bi)iK>  is  one  of  the  most  populous  cities  on  the  globe. 

Meaco  is  the  residence  of  the  Diari  or  Spiritual 
emperor,  the  head  of  th*  Sinto  Roligiiin. 

I&dependent  Tartary. 

Noted  for  the  independent  and  roving  char- 
acter of  its  inhabitants ;  and  for  its  having  l>ecn  the 
seat  of  rule  for  Ghenghis  Khan,  Tamerlane  and 
others. 

j      It  is  bounded  on  three  sides  by  mountains  and 

I  deserte ;  and  on  the  fourth  by  the  Caspian  sea. 

I      I'he  Tartars  are  subject  to  no  foreign  power,  and 

are  noi  uiitiru  uiiuci  any  wu.^  g!..,r!,.ii..!.—    • ..-_,  — 

a  past»ifAl  people.    Their  favorite  food  is  horseflesh. 


c 


soen 


A81A 


49 


fa. 

•h. 

ce'j 

rt  duke. 


Ml. 


Clilna. 


i  SB  being 
ozen  desert. 
>  the  Pacific 

le. 

gold,  silver, 

ia  noted  as 

hinese  aWoiff 

nporiums  of 


comprising 
1  Sikolce. 
lei},  tiia  best 
any  country 

he  rights pf 

g  the  body, 
among  their 

ineH,  and  the 

on  the  globe, 
i,  or  spiritual 


oviiig  char- 
iig  been  the 
Tierlane   and 

luntains  and 
an  sea. 
II  power»  and 
nt.   'i'heV  ars 
)  horteJUith. 


t 


Fekin. 

Pekin,  with  the  exception  of  London,  is  the  moat  populous  city  on 
the  fflobe.  It  is  near  the  great  Chinese  Wall.  It  coniains  the  palnce 
of  the  Emperor,  which  (orms  oae  of  its  principal  features.  It  is 
divided  into  the  Chinese  and  Tartar  city. 

Pe'-kin,  the  first  in  population,  stands 
Near  the  great  wall  that  guards  the  Chinese  lands. 
Nan-kin,  known  for  her  tower,  from  Pekin  south. 
Two  hundred  forty  from  Ki-an'-ku's  mouth. 


Can'.on,  the  great  comraercinl  town  of  China. 

Canton  isone  of  the  mo»t  conriinercial  cities  of  the  Chinese  Empire. 
Ntturly  till  the  teas  sold  to  forciifn  nations  are  shipped  from  thin  porl. 
It  was  until  quite  late  the  only  port  Europeans  were  permitted  lo 
trade  at. 

In  commerce,  first,  Canton,  on  Canton  River, 
Where  Europeans  sail,  their  teas  to  gather. 

Clilnese  Tartary. 

Yor'-kund,  by  Yorkund  Eiver,  finds  a  home  ; 
'Tis  Central  Asia's  chief  emporium. 
Maim-at'-chin  makes  the  mountain  pass  her  bed. 
Where,  tvith  Ki-ach'-ta  China  holds  a  trade. 

Yorkund  is  the  emporiutn  for  central  Asia. 

Maimatchin,  by  a  mountain  pass,  on  the  opposite  side  of  the 
fcSayanskoi  Mountains,  from  Kiachta  in  Siberia,  is  noted  as  the 
only  place  at  which  the  Russians  are  allowed  to.  trade. 


ChiUMe  Empire. 

Noted  for  its  great  antiauity,  and  for  being 
(he  nKMt  populous  empire  on  the  globe. 

It  embraces  China,  Chinese  Tartaiy,  Corea  and 
Thibet;  the  population  of  which  is  estimated  at 
250,000,000,  the  greatest  number  ruled  by  any  one 
man. 

The  ruler  of  this  immense  mass  of  beings,  is  an 
absolute  despot,  but  governs  hia  subjects  in  a  parentnl 
manner.  He  is  styled  the  Idon  of  Heaven.  He 
belongs  to  the  Mantchoo  race,  by  whom  China  waa 
conque  ed  in  1644. 

China. 

The  basis  ot  the  Chinese  Empire ;  noted 
for  the  jealous  character  of  its  inhabitants,  and  for 
the  Tea  plant,  which  is  cultivated  to  such  an  extent 
thct  it  supplies  the  whole  world.  It  is  estimated  that 
60,000,000  pounds  are  annually  exported  to  the 
United  States  and  Great  Britain. 

The  Imperial  Canal  is  600  milea.in  length. 

The  Great  Wall  is  1,500  miles  in  length,  and 
twenty-four  feet  high.  It  i»  th»  g^wateat  work  ever 
performed  by  man. 

Pressing  the  feet  of  femi^  -whi)e  children,  to 
prevent  their  growth,  is  a  prevailing  custom  among 
the  Chinese,  and  is  their  criterion  of  female  beauty. 

The  principal  food  of  the  nation  is  rice,  though 
rats,  puppies,  mice,  ice.,  are  common  dishes. 

The  army  amounts  to  800,600  men,  but  their 
mode  of  warfitre  is  vastly  inferior  to  the  European. 

Learning  is  highly  prized  in  China,  and  is  the  only 
requisite  qualification  for  office. 

Nankin  is  celebrated  for  its  porcelain  tower,  200 
feet  high. 


The  fjreal  Chinese  Wall. 

The  Chinese  Wall  is  unqucsiionably  one  of  the  greatest 
works  ever  performed  by  man.  It  was  built  by  the  Chi- 
nese, ns  a  defense  against  the  Tartars.  It  is  1.500  miles 
long,  twenty-four  feet  high,  and  broad  enough  for  several 
'riorsemen  to  ride  abreast. 

Chinese  Tartary. 

An  elevated  country  on  the  table  lands  of 
the  Himmaleh,  Kucniin  and  Celestial  Mountains.  It 
is  a  cold  country,  inhabited  by  a  pastoral  people,  of 
whom  but  little  is  known. 


^1 


n 


.  1  (  * 

li     I, 


■MMMbiMMMMM 


50 


POETICAL    GEOGRAPHY. 


I 


Tbibet. 


Workliip  of  ttio  tiniiul  Luir.a. 


The  worship  of  the  Grand  Lama  constitute!  the  religion  of  a  (jrc iil 
portion  of  Ct^nlral  Asia.  He  is  oonsiilered  by  his  vvor*hii*[iers  the 
Everlasliiig  Father  of  Heaven.  They  helieve  Ihiil  when  he  ilien  his 
soul  passes  into  the  body  of  some  child,  who  is  KOiighl  niter  bj  the 
priest,  and  immediately  exalted  to  the  throne. 

Las'-sa,  in  Thibet  makes  her  proud  abode, 
Where  the  Grand  Lama  sits,  a  human  god. 

Turkey.— Sjnria  and  Palestine. 

A-lep'-po  by  an  earthquake  torn  of  late. 
Is  first  in  rule  o'er  little  and  o'er  great. 

On  Pharphar'i  tide,  Damascus  makes  her  throne, 
For  silks  call'd  damask,  and  for  sword  blades  known. 

Jerusalem  reigns  just  thirty  miles  from  sea, 

Jaf -fa,  her  port,  northwest,  is  known  to  be. 
Southwest  of  all,  Ga-za  is  on  the  coast, 
For  caravans  it  is  a  resting  post. 

Acre,  from  Jaffa  north,  her  fortress  rears  ; 

On  Leb'-a-non,  one  Diar-el  Kai-mer  peers  ; 

Bar -bee  is  by  the  feet  of  Leb-a-non; 

Pal-my-ra  in  the  desert  lives  alone. 

Both  these  are  known  for  relics  of  the  past, 
Where  ruins  rise  on  every  side  aghast. 

Asia  Minor. 

Smyrna  is  seated  where  Le-vant'  is  found. 

As  south  the  Black  Sea  dwells  fair  Treb-i-zond'. 

Bru'-sa,  near  by  the  sea  that's  called  Mar-mo' -ra, 
Was  once  the  capital  of  Turkish  glory. 

An-go-ra  in  the  interior  is  built, 
And  famoju,^  a  goat  with  hair  like  silk. 

Meaopotamia  and  Armenia. 

Bas-so-ra  is  a  place  of  wealth  and  trade, 
On  Skut'-d  A'-rab  is  her  station  made. 

Bagdad,  that  lives  upon  the  Tigrit  shore. 
Was  once  the  seat  of  Calif  rule  «nd  power. 

I ======== 


Thibet 

Noted  for  beinp  the  moat  elevated  country 
oil  the  Klobc,  und  lor  the  womhip  of  the  Uraiid  Laniu. 

It  i.s  Hituuteil  on  the  tnbie  lands  of  the  Himinaleh 
MountuinH,  so  elevated  that  the  rold,  in  the  winter 
Nt'a.son,  itt  inteiiHo.  I'hc  sky  at  nil  gcusonH  uppearN  ao 
1)1, u'k  lis  ink.  The  stiirn  shine  with  the  ell'ulgence  of 
nw\i>\  there  is  no  twiliu;ht  that  precedes  the  rising,  or 
miciTcds  the  netting  of  sun  or  moon  i  and  were  there 
not  iiTHintain  peaks  of  a  still  higher  elevation,  to 
foretell  the  openinn  or  closing  of  day,  it  would  he. 
rino  Hudden  change  from  durknesa  to  light,  and  from 
light  to  darkness. 

Turkey  in  Asia. 

Noted  for  its  fine  climate  and  fertile  soil, 
and  as  having  been  the  seat  of  most  of  the  events 
narrated  in  Bible  Histury,  and  the  theater  of  more 
changes  than  any  other  part  of  the  globe. 

It  comprises  Syria,  Palestine,  Asia  Minor,  Meso- 
potamia and  Armenia. 

Syria  and  Palestine. 

Syria.-— Noted  for  its  importance  in  former 
times,  when  Tyre,  Damascus,  Antioch,  Balbec  and 
Palmyra,  Were  in  their  glory. 

It  was  conquered  by  the  Pacha  of  Egypt  in  1832; 
but  restored  by  the  interference  of  the  European 
powers  in  1840. 

Palestike. — Noted  as  the  Holy  Land,  the 
inheritance  of  the  Israelitesy  and  as  the  theater  where 
the  most  important  evenU  have  occurred  that  the 
world  has  ever  witnessed. 

Asia  Minor. 

The  peninsula  between  the  Mediterranean 
and  Black  seas.  Noted  for  its  delightful  climate,  and 
as  having  been  the  aeat  of  the  kingdoms  of  Lydia 
and  Troy. 

Meeopotamia  and  Armenia. 

Mesopotamia  was  once  the  seat  of  the 
mighty  Babylon ;  of  Paradise ;  of  the  Tower  of 
Babel;  of  the  kingdom  of  Nimrod,  Cyrus,  Darius, 
Alexander,  &c. 

Armenia,  north  of  Mesopotamia,  is  noted 
as  the  place  where  the  Ark  rested  after  the  flood. 

Towns  of  Tarkey  in  Asia. 

Aleppo,  the  capital,  once  a  flourishing  city,  was 
destroyed  by  an  earthquake  in  1822. 

Damascuf  is  noted  fur  sword  blades,  and  a  ailk 
called  damaxk. 

Jerusalem  is  thirty  miles  in  the  interior.  Jaffit  is 
its  port 

Gaza  is  a  resting  place  for  caravans,  before  crossing 
the  (leaert  to  Egypt  and  Arabia. 


! 


ASIA. 


51 


d  country 

rand  Laniu. 
llimuiak'h 
the  winter 
I  uppvarH  as 
Vulgeiire  ut' 
le  riaiiig,  or 
I  were  there 
levntion,  to 
t  would  be 
it,  and  from 


jrtile  soil, 

the  events 

ter  of  more 

linor,  Meno- 


}  in  former 
Balbec  and 

rptin  1832; 
e  European 


Land,  the 
lioater  where 
td  that  the 


literranean 
climate,  and 
ms  of  Lydia 


eat  of  the 

e  Tower  of 
yrus,  Darius, 

a,  is  noted 
the  flood. 

Bia. 

Ing  city,  was 

»,  and  I  silk 
ior.  Jafih  is 
efore  crocaing 


Mo-siil'  likewise  drinks  from  the  Tiffria  flood, 
For  muslitiB  known,  where  Nineveh  once  stood. 

Hil-lah,  beside  EuphrcUes  mak«is  her  throne, 
Ruilt  on  the  site  of  niiirhty  Babylon. 

Ar-mc-niii's  capital  is  Kr-ze-ronm'; 

Vau  on  Luke  Tan,  a  fortress  of  renown. 

Arabia. 

Mec'-cft,  where  old  Mahomet  took  his  birth  ; 
With  fair  Me-di'-na  where  he  veils  his  caith> 
Yem*-bo,  Medina's  port,  is  by  the  sea ; 
Jid'-da  is  Mecca's  port,  all  will  agre«. 


>!iiflin    llioiicli   ill  sotiicwhiil  of  ii  droayed  statt*.  is  still  llie   most 
•  iiniiiirliiMi  iiiiri  111"  Ariiluii  on  tlii*  lli'il  Sen.     Il  is  iiolcil  for  its  exc«'l- 
liin  i-iiifc-f.  Wiiu'li  is  cttrrii'it  to  mosl  parts  of  the  worlil. 

Mo'-cha,  chief  seaport  town  of  Ar'-a-by, 
Whose  coffee  's  drank  on  every  shore  and  sea ; 

Mus'-cat,  a  seaport  town,  well  fortified. 
The  Sacerdotiil  prince,  or  Imam's  pride. 
Southeast  it  stands  where  the  Persian  Gulf  unftirls. 
And  much  renowned  for  trade  in  shells  and  pearls. 

Persia. 

Te-he'-ran,  where  the  El'-burg  peaks  arise. 
Heaves  up  her  warlike  forehead  to  the  skies. 

And  Is-pa-han',  once  capital,  is  lain, 
In  the  htterior,  on  a  fertile  plain. 

Shi-raz',  famed  for  her  wine  and  Persian  lore. 
Near  where  Per-sep'-o-lis  in  ruins  lower. 


Acre  is  noted  for  its  strong  fbrtresR. 

Balbec  at  the  foot  of  Lebanon,  and  Palmyra,  in  the 
denert  east  of  Dalbcc,  are  noted  for  their  remarkable 
rums. 

Bttssora,  on  Shut'  el  Arab,  is  a  place  of  great  wealth 
iind  importance. 

Bngtiad  wbh  t.ic  «pnt  of  the  caliphs. 

Mosul,  on  the  Tigris,  near  the  ruins  of  ancient 
Nineveh,  is  noted  for  muslins. 

Hillah,  on  the  Euphrates,  is  supposed  to  bo  near 
the  site  of  uncicnt  Babylon. 

Erzcfoum  is  the  capital  of  Armenia. 

Van,  on  Lake  Van,  has  a  strong  fortress. 

Arabia. 

The  birthplace  of  Mahomet.  It  lies  between 
the  Red  Sea  and  Persian  Gulf.  Noted  for  the  un- 
changing character  of  its  inhabitants ;  for  its  great 
antiquity;  fur  its  burning  sandy  deserts;  its  superior 
cofllcts  and  as  being  the  center  of  the  Mahommedan 
Religion. 

It  is  divided  into  Arabia  Petrosa,  or  stony  Arabia, 
in  the  northwestern  j.srt;  Arabia  Deserta,  or  Desert 
Arabia,  in  the  interior ;  and  Arabia  Felix,  or  Happy 
Arabia,  in  the  southern  part. 

The  Bedouins,  [bed-oo-weens]  or  the  wandering 
Arabs  that  inhabit  the  desert,  subsist  chiefly  by  job- 
bery and  plunder. 

Mecca,  the  birthplace  of  Mahomet,  Ls  regarded  as 
the  capital. 

Medina  is  important  as  the  place  of  his  tomb. 

Muscat,  the  capital  of  Oman,  and  governed  by  the 
Imam,  or  sacerdotoi  prince,  is  the  entrepot  for  the 
merchandise  of  the  Persian  Gulf,  on  which  it  is  sit- 
uated.   It  is  noted  for  its  extensive  trade  ui  pearls. 

Moore's  inimitable  song  of  Araby's  Daughter,  has, 
among  its  other  merits,  the  glow  of  oriental  scenery. 

Farewell — furewell  to  thee,  Arabt'S  daughter! 

(Thus  virarblcd  a  Peri  beneath  the  dark  lea:) 
No  pearl  ever  lay,  under  Omas's  jp-oen  water. 

.Mow  pure  in  its  shell,  than  thy  spirit  in  thee. 

But  \on%  upon  Arabt's  green  sunny  highlands. 
Shall  maids  and  Iheirlovers  remuinlier  the  doom 

Of  her,  who  lies  sleeping  among  the  Pearl  Islands. 
With  nought  but  the  sea-star  lo  light  up  her  tomb. 

Well  dive  where  the  gardens  of  coral  lie  darkling. 
And  plant  nil  the  rnicjest  stem*  at  thy  head ; 

We'll  seek  wliere  the  sandsof  the  Caspian  are  sparkling, 
And  gHlli«r  iheir  gold  lo  sirew  over  thy  bi-d. 


Persia. 

Noted  for  its  great  antiquity  and  importance 
in  early  times, 

A  large  portion  is  barren,  mountainous  and  desti- 
tute of  running  streams.  It  is  the  most  fertile  on 
the  borders  of  the  Caspian  sea. 

The  Persians  are  the  most  learned  of  the  Asiatic 
nations. 

They  manufacture  the  most  beautiful  carpets,  silk 
shawls,  porcelain,  &c.,  in  the  world. 


f 

'.  I- 


%. 


B 


11- 


■9! 


■»MMH" 


mm 


52 


POETICAL    GEOGRAPHY. 


Bu-shire',  chief  seaport  on  the  Persian  Gulf; 

Or-mus,  known  once  for  commerce  and  for  wealth. 

Gam-broon'  and  Min-ab,  near  to  Orrnus  keep, 
On  the  same  shore,  beside  the  coral  deep. 

Yezd,  where  the  Ghe''ber  finds  a  last  repose. 
South'  of  the  desert  blooms,  as  blooms  the  rose. 

Sul-ta'-nia,  found  on  I'-rack's  northern  beat. 
The  king's  resort  in  summer  from  the  heat. 

Still  farther  north,  in  A-der-bi'-jan  peers 
Ta-breez',  a  splendid  town  in  former  years.     , 

Gour-gaun',  a  fortress  by  the  Tartar  line, 
On  Persian  shores  east  from  the  Caspian  brine. 

Af^anlstan. 

Cabul,  on  Ka'-ma  tide,  the  Af-ghans  greet, 
Above  the  sea  it  stands  six  thousand  feet. 

O'er  Ca'-bul's  kingdom  once  Pesh-awer'  reigned 
The  first  in  rule,  e'er  Cabul  was  enchained. 

And  Can-da-har'  is  by  the  dark  HeV'tnund, 
The  central  point  where  Door-au-nees'  abound. 
Northwest  of  all,  He-rat',  with  Persia  trades. 
Where  Bin'-doo  Kooah'  unfold  their  giant  shades, 

Belooclilstan. 

Ke-lat'  by  Man' -kid  River,  finds  a  seat, 
On  Mountains  o'er  the  sea  eight  thousand  feet, 

HlndooMtan. 


Culcutta. 

Calciitla.  oil  tlio  llooslv.  nn  arm  of  tlip  Oiinge*,  one  hundreil  miles 
froin  the  sea,  is  oiu'  oi' llie  iiio^l  iiiiportuiil  cities  of  Hin<loo<iiiii. 
'I'lial  part  of  tlw  ciiy  wlirre  liu-  I'.iirapt'iiiis  r.-«i(le  is  mnciiiticciiilv 
Imill.  lis  omninurce  is  very  extensive  ;  and  liie  populutioii  la  i  fti- 
iiiiu.-il  111  625.000. 

Calcutta.  Hindoo's  proud  emporium,  smilt'.s 
On  Ganges,  tVum  its  mouth  on «  liuiidnMl  miles, 
|,  On  the;  same  tide  Ben-a'-res  lias  a  share, 
Four  sixty,  northwest  of  Calcutta's  lair.      (460) 


The  inhabitants  are  well  fonned,  and  like  the  Dutch, 
are  great  cmokers. 

Teheran,  atronglj  fortified,  ia  at  the  foot  of  the 
Elberg  Mountains. 

Ispahan,  once  the  capital,  i»  on  a  fertile  plain  in 
the  interior. 

Shiraz,  the  scat  of  literature,  and  noted  for  delicious 
wines,  is  near  the  ruins  of  ancient  Persipolis. 

Yedz,  near  the  center  of  Persia,  is  the  resort  of 
the  persecuted  Ghebers,  or  fire  Worshippers, 

Sultania,  in  the  province  of  Irack,  is  the  summer 
resort  of  the  sovereigns. 

'J'abreez  was  once  a  city  of  importance. 

Uourgaun,  east  of  the  Caspian,  and  near  the  line 
of  Independent  Tartary,  is  a  strong  fortress, 

Afghanistan, 

The  country  which  lieo  between  Persia  and 
Hindoostan. 

The  Afghans  are  a  bold  and  warlike  race ;  hospita- 
ble to  strangers,  and  even  to  their  most  bitter  enemies. 

Cabul,  on  Kama  River,  is  elevated  6,000  feet 
among  the  Hindoo  Koosh  Mountains. 

Peshawer  was  once  the  capital  of  Cabul. 

Candahar,  on  Helmund  River,  is  the  principal 
town  of  the  Dooraunees. 

Herat,  in  the  northwestern  part  of  Afghanistan,  is 
the  seat  of  trade  between  Persia  and  India. 

Belooohistan. 

The  country  lying  Bouth  of  Afghanistan. 
It  is  inhabited  by  a  number  of  independent  tribes,  of 
whom  the  Beloochees  are  the  principal.  Like  the 
Bedouin  Arabs,  they  are  n  mixture  of  hospitality 
and  ferocity ;  generous  and  liberal  when  hailed  in 
their  tents,  but  blood-thirst*  and  clandestine  on  the 
field. 

Keint,  by  Maskid  River,  M  among  the  mountainB, 
8,000  feet  alwve  the  level  of  the  sea. 

Hindoostan. 

A  large  peninsula  in  the  southern  part  of 
.Asia.  Noti'd  for  its  great  fertility,  its  peculiar 
religion,  the  sttperslitious  character  of  it.-*  inhabitants, 
and  for  its  great  antiquity. 

The  Hindoo  has  the  skiiJ  of  the  Negro,  with  the 
features  of  the  Eurojj-an.  Thpy  arc  oxtreniely  super- 
stitious ;  servile  to  superiors,  cruel  to  their  women  and 
inferiors,  anil  destitute  of  moral  honesty. 

Their  food  is  priniipally  rice,  which  is  raised  to  a 
great  extent. 

The  cotton  nianufuclures  of  this  country  have  long 
been  celebrated. 

Benares,  460  miles  northwest  of  Calcutla,  on  the 
.•tame  rivcr.  is  one  of  the  iiio.st  poi>uli>us  cities  of  In- 
dia, and  iiDled  as  the  s(\if  of  learning,  and  as  a  sacred 
city  ;  tlioiisaiiiis  coniinu;  tVorn  various  parts  ol  Asia 
to  end  their  day.s  williiii  its  environs,  rei!;iirding  it  as 
the  sure  gate  to  paradise-  It  is  a  great  mart  for 
diamonds. 


ASIA. 


53 


Of  gems  and  diamonds  read  her  story  o'er, 
Of  pilgrims  dying,  and  of  Bramin  lore. 

Pat'-na  is  on  the  Ganges,  none  can  beat  her. 
Or  match  her  for  her  opium  and  saUpetre. 

Del'-hi,  once  capital  of  Hindoo  rule, 
On  Jumna  branch,  is  kno^vn  to  every  school. 

Cash-mere',  whose  shawls  are  of  the  Thibet  goat, 
Stands  north  of  all,  a  city  of  much  not*. 
La-hore'  from  Cashmere  south,  o'er  Pun-jab  shrouds 
With  Am-rit-sir',  beneath  her  sunny  clouds,  (seer) 

Su-rat',  Bom-bay',  Go'-a,  and  Man-ga-lore, 
Are  found  upon  Hindoostan's  western  shore. 
While  8<Mth  and  east,  Ma-dras'  and  Pon-di-cher'-ry 
Along  the  Cor-o-man' -dd  coaU  may  tarry. 

Nagpoor'  in  the  irUenor  writes  her  name. 
Where  Hy-dra-bad'  'mid  sparkling  diamonds  flame. 

Farther  India. 

As  lr-ra-wad*da  rolls  her  billows  south, 
A'va  is  found  five  hundred  up  her  mouth. 
As  Um-me-ra-poo'-ra  north  of  this  is  seen, 
Pe-gu'  is  on  the  Delta  of  the  stream. 
South  of  Pe-gu',  where  trade  and  commerce  bloom. 
On  the  tame  tide,  behold  the  fair  Ran-goon', 

Ban'-kok  is  o'er  Siam  a  town  of  note. 
On  bamboo  rafts  one  half  the  houses  float. 

Cam-bo'-dia's  capital  is  called  Sai-gon'; 
Beside  Cambodia's  mouth  she  takes  her  throne. 

Hue,  o'er  Co'-chin  China,  next  is  seen,  (oo-a') 
Well  fortified,  jmd  near  the  Otdf  Ton-quin'. 

On  the  peninsula's  southern  coast  or  shore, 
Malaeca  reigns^  with  one  called  Sin-ga-pore'. 

Farther  India  mmprisfs  a  territory  of  alx>ut  900,000  square 
HjiJes,  and  has  a  population  of  20,000,000. 

The  elephant  lien;  attains  his  greatest  nize,  and  is  found  in 
large  numliers.  The  white  elephant  is  highly  valued,  iind  in 
Siam  and  Uirmnh  is  an  object  of  religious  worship. 

The  Siamese  are  dewriUtl  im  destitute  of  courage  and  moral 
honesty ;  and  as  lieing  lazy  and  sluggish  in  their  habits.  They 
are  puifed  up  with  a  national  pride,  and  consider  it  a  great  diis- 
grace  to  be  in  the  employ  of  an  European. 

The  governments  of  all  these  states  are  absolute  despotisms. 
The  throne  and  person  of  the  Kovereign  is  approached  with  the 
profoundest  awe  by  the  nobles  and  officers  of  state,  who  pros- 
trate themselves  before  him,  witli  their  faces  to  the  earth. 

Females  are  not  restrictetl  liere  to  the  rigid  customs  of  most 
Asiatic  countries.  Their  faces  sue  not  veiled,  or  llieir  company 
excluded  from  'Jie  other  sex. 


Patua  is  noted  for  its  (saltpetre  and  opium. 

Cashmere  is  noted  for  its  shawls. 

Hydrabad,  or  Goloonda,  is  noted  for  diamonds. 

Farther  India. 

A  large  peninsula  south  of  Thibet.  Noted 
for  its  large,  numerous,  and  majestic  riven,  and  for 
great  fertility. 

It  comprises  the  Empire  of  Birmah  and  Assam; 
the  kingdom  of  Siam  and  the  British  possessions. 

AvA,  the  capital  of  Birmah,  is  on  the  Irrawadda. 

Pegu  is  on  the  Delta  of  the  Irrawadda. 

Bankok  is  the  capital  of  Siam.  It  is  noted  for 
its  floating  houses,  built  on  bamboo  rafts. 

HuK,  capital  of  Cochin  China,  is  a  fortified  town 
near  the  Gulf  of  Tonquin. 

Vale  of  Cashmere. 

Cashmere  is  a  beautiful  vale  of  the  Him- 
maleh  Mountains,  in  the  northern  part  of  Hindoo* 
Stan.  It  is  elevated  8,000  feet  above  the  level  of  the 
sea;  and  enjoys  a  climate  unequaled  in  mildnem,  save 
by  the  "  Evergreen  Quito,"  which  it  resemblea.  It 
was  not  long  since  in  the  possession  of  the  Afghans ; 
from  whose  rule  it  passed  to  that  of  Runjeet  Sing. 

The  beauties  of  the  Vale  of  Cashmere,  are  por- 
trayed in  the  fi>Uowing  gr^hic  and  glowing  lines 
from  Moore's  Lalla  Rookh :  "> 

Who  has  not  heard  nf  the  Vale  of  Cashmere, 
With  its  roses,  the  brightest  that  earth  ever  gave, 

Its  temples  and  grottoes,  and  fountains  as  clear 
As  the  lovs-lighted  eyes  tliat  hang  over  their  wave  T 

Oh !  to  see  it  at  suii»el,— when  warm  o'er  the  Iiake 

Its  splendor  at  parting  a  summer  eve  throws, 
Like  a  bride  full  of  lilushes,  when  lingering  to  lake 

A  last  look  at  her  mirror  at  night  ere  she  goes! — 
When  the  shrines  through  the  foliage  are  gleaming  half 

shown, 
And  each  hallows  the  hour  by  some  rites  of  its  own. 
Here  the  music  of  pray'r  from  a  minaret  swells, 

Here  the  magian  his  urn  full  of  perfume  is  swinging, 
And  here,  at  ihe  altar,  a  zone  of  gweet  hells 

Round  the  waist  of  some  fair  Indian  dancer  is  ringing. 
Or  see  it  by  moonlight  —when  mellowly  shines 
The  light  o'er  its  palaces,  gardens  and  shrines : 
When  the  water-falls  gleam  like  n  quick  fall  of  stars, 
And  tlie  nightingale's  Fiyma  from  the  Isle  of  Oh^.iiars 
Is  broken  by  laughs  and  light  echoes  of  feet 
From  the  cool,  shining  walks  where  the  young  peopVs 

m«-el ; — 
Or  at  morn,  when  the  magic  of  daylight  awakes 
A  nrw  wonder  eiicli  tninuie.  ns  slowly  it  lireaks; 
HilU.  cupulas,  founiains,  oallM  forih  every  one 
Out  of  darkness,  as  iliey  were  just  horn  of  th«  Sun. 
When  the  Spirit  of  Fragrance  is  up  with  the  day. 
From  hi«  Huram  of  iiiglilflowers  stealing  away  ; 
And  the  wind,  lull  of  wantonness,  woos,  like  a  lover, 
Tlie  young  aspen  trfcu.  till  ilu-y  tremble  all  over. 
When  the  Kust  is  as  wnrni  us  the  light  of  Arst  hopes, 

And  Diiv.  with  itc  banner  of  railiunne  unfuri'd, 
t«hine«  in  through  the  mountainous  portal  that  opes. 

Sublime,  Iroin  thai  valley  of  bliss  to  the  world. 


PRONUNCIATION. 


Iiidigrica,      In-di-gre'-cu 
Balkh,  Balk 

.Arttl)y  ArUube 

CaucassuH,  Cau'Cafh'-xis 


Thibet  Tib'-et 

Pharphar,      Far-Jar 
Chen  Yang,  Shcn-r'ang 
Bakou,  Ba-hoo 


f' 


11 


w 


i 


Suez,  a  town  of  E^pt,  on  th«  southern  pan  of  the  Isthmus,  at  the  head  of  the  Red  ^ea.  and  surroHiided  by  a  desert,  i»  im- 
portant as  a  caravan  post  between  I^pt  and  Arabia  j  also  for  lying  on  the  route  of  the  British  overland-roait,  lo  Bombay. 

Africa  is  noted  for  the  dark  complexion  and  degraded  condition  of  its  inhabitants; 
for  its  burning  chmate  ;  its  vast  deserts,  and  its  unknown  and  unexplored  interior. 


Capes. 

Guar-duf'-ui  Cape  and  Orf'-ui,  part  the  titles;  [orf we 
With  Bedro-uin  and  Cape  Bas-ta,  besides  [Bed-oo-win. 

Then  Cape  Dehafdo,  east  of  Mo-zam-bique'; 

Of  C(Hn-entes'\ei  Mon-o-m»-ta'-pa  speak. 

Cape  Am-bro  's  north  of  Madagascar  Isle, 

While  to  the  south,  St.  Mary  lives  the  while. 

And  south  of  all,  Good  Hope  nods  o'er  the  brine, 
In  thirty-five  degrees  below  the  Hne. 

■St-er'-ra  Fri'-o  and  the  Northwest  Point, 
Are  of  Cim-be'-bas,  as  you're  well  acquaint 
Cape  Le'-do,  of  Angola  pass,  and  then 
Coast  Castle  and  7'Aree  Points,  of  Guinea,  scan. 
PaLinas  and  Mes-u-ra'^  west  of  these, 
In  fair  Liberia,  smile  above  the  seas. 

Cape  Verde,  of  Gambia  ;  while  SaJia-ra's  ishore 
Has  piaii'-co,  Bar'-bos,  and  Cape  Ba^'a-dore'. 

Cape  Spar'tel,  near  the  Straits,  and  last  in  song. 
And  north  of  all,  near  Tunis  throned  is  Bon. 


I'Kun  u  K  ui  AT  lun . 


Guardafui,       Gar-daf'-wee  I  Orfui, 
Bedouin,  Bed-oo-ween'  |  Bassa, 

(64) 


Orf'-Uftt 
Bas-saw' 


RiTers. 

The  Mediterranean  sups  the  river  Nikf 
Whose  waves  o'er  Nu'-bi^i  and  Egypt  smile; 

The  &vi-e-gal\  the  Gam-bi-a  and  the  Grande^ 
Boil  up  from  Senegambia's  burning  sand. 

As  Mes-ur-a'-do  bids  Liberia  thrive. 
In  Guinea,  La'-got  and  For-mo'sa  live ; 

And  Ni-eer  ^re  from  Guinea  rolls  her  tides, 
And  with  Ga-boon',  in  the  Golf  of  Guinea  glides 

'Tween  C<nigo  and  Lo*n'-go,  Congo  swells 
From  Ethiopia's  scorched  and  unknown  fields. 

Co-an'-za\s  waves  north  of  Ben-gue'-la  course. 
As  on  her  southern  limits  roars  the  Nourse. 

The  Orange,  from  South  Africa  we  track ; 
While  in  Cape  Colony  boils  up  the  Zack. 

Southward,  the  Gau'^tz  turns,  bubbling  forever; 
As  eastward  of  the  Cape  is  Great  Fish  River. 

Zam-bese'  southeastward  drives  from  Mo-zauwbique', 
And  bids  her  breakers  the  broad  Channel  seek. 

Dark  Mu-ru-su'-ru  sleeps  in  Znn'-gue-bar, 

\\f\ i\...^l.»-  *.A»*l*    /1_w«a'  wi,*irw«#lAa  f^   laiv  • 

And  last  of  all,  from  Abyssinia's  shore*, 
In  Bab-el-Man'-del  Strait,  fair  Ze4ia  roars.         ' 


desert,  i»  im- 
iombfty. 

ibitants ; 
interior. 


nde. 


9, 

li 

\. 
uae. 


orever; 
r. 


AFRICA 


55 


TOWNS    AND    COUNTRIES. 

Barbary    States. 

The  Barbary  States  include  Morocco,  Algiers,  Tunis,  Tripoli  and  Barca ;  or  that  portion  of  Africa 
north  of  the  grea.  „..  1  Sahara,  and  west  of  Egypt.  It  ia  distinguiahed  for  the  number  of  its  noxious  animals; 
as  the  scorpion,  serpents  of  a  deadly  venom,  the  hyena,  the  Numidian  Uon,  and  the  destructive  locust. 

The  people  of  these  states  were  once  extensively  engaged  in  piracies.  The  present  inhabitanU  tje  Moors,  Jews, 
Arabs  and  Berbers. 


Morocco. 

Morocco,  near  Mount  Atlas,  holds  her  reign ; 
Unfolded  on  a  smooth  and  fertile  plain. 

Fez,  for  her  learning,  once  could  boast  with  pride ; 

Southwest  from  Fez,  is  Me'-qui-nez  espied. 

The  largest  ports,  Ba-bat'  and  Mogadore', 
Are  found  along  Morocco's  western  shore  ; 

Where  European  consuls  take  their  fare, 
Close  by  Gibraltar  Straits,  is  fcand  Tan-gier' ; 

Known  for  her  pirates  once,  behold  Sal-lee  ! 
That  keeps  her  station  by  the  roaring  sea, 

Algiers. 

Gran  and  Bona  in  Algiers  arise  ; 
The  last,  for  coral  fisheries,  we  prize. 

There  Con-stan-ti'-na  smiles  in  antique  mood. 
And  old  Algiers  boasts  of  her  pirate  blood. 

Tunis. 

Tunis  southwest  the  Carthagenian  throne, 
In  Tunis  reigns  superior  and  alone. 

Kair-wan',  from  Tunis  south,  famed  for  her  mosque. 
Finds  an  abode  upon  the  Barbary  coast. 

Tripoli. 

Aad  Trip'-o-li,  in  Tripoli  we  scan  ; 
Where  from  the  interior  comes  the  caravan. 

Barca. 

On  Barca's  northern  shore,  is  seated  Derne ; 
Cy-re'-ne's  tombs  with  wonder  thtre  we  learn. 

Darfoor. 

And  in  Dar-foor',  Cob-be'  as  monarch  reigns, 
Where  laughs  Tam-bul',  above  her  fertile  plains. 

Fezzan. 

With  Germa,  o'er  Fezzan'  Mour-zouk'  may  shroud, 
Mourzouk  is  compassed  round  by  walls  of  mud. 


Morocco. 

In  the  northwestern  part  of  Africa  The 
Mauritania  of  the  ancients ;  embracing  Morocco,  Fez, 
and  Tanfilet. 

The  government  is  an  absolute  despotism.  Agri- 
culture is  neglected,  and  the  only  manufacture  is 
morocco  leather,  made  of  goat  skins. 

Morocco,  the  capital,  is  on  a  fertile  plain,  twelve 
miles  from  Mount  Atlas. 

Tangier  is  noted  as  the  residence  of  most  of  the 
European  Consuls. 

Algiers. 

The  ancient  Numidia ;  situated  east  of 
Morocco.  It  is  the  most  fertile  and  healthy  of  the 
Barbary  States.  Noted  for  the  coral  fishery  on  its 
coast. 

It  was  invaded  and  conquered  iff  1830,  by  France, 
and  is  now  a  part  of  the  French  dominions. 

Aloibrs,  once  called  tlie  Pirate  Nest,  is  built  on  a  hill. 

Tuni». 

The  ancient  Africa  Propria.  Noted  as  the 
seat  of  ancient  Carthage,  so  long  the  rival  of  Rome. 

The  government  is  more  liberal,  and  the  people 
more  civilized  than  any  of  the  other  States. 

Tunis  is  noted  as  being  the  capital,  and  as  lying 
near  the  site  of  ancient  Carthage. 

Tripoli 

The  ancient  Tripolis  ;  it  is  a  dry,  sparsely 
populated  country;  fertile  on  the  coast,  but  mostly 
desert  elsewhere. 

It  is  the  weakest  of  the  Barbary  States ;  but  its 
inhabitants  are  among  the  most  civilized. 

It  abounds  in  ruins  and  relics  of  past  ages. 

Barca 

The  ancient  Lybia  ;  it  was  once  famed  for 
its  three  crops  a  year,  but  is  now  mostly  a  desert.  It 
once  contained  the  temple  of  Jupiter  .\mmon. 

Darfoor. 

A  large  oasis  in  the  southeastern  part  of 
Sahara.  The  inhabitants  are  Mahommedans.  The 
government  is  a  rank  despotism. 

Fezzan. 

The  largest  oasis  in  the  world.  It  is  south 
of  Tripoli,  to  which  country  it  belongs. 


J 


I 


IN 


h 


56 


POETICAL    GEOGRAPHY 


Egypt. 


Egypt. 

One  of  the  most  celebrated  countries  of 
antiquity,  the  cradle  of  the  arts  and  sciences,  the 
seat  of  the  kingdom  of  the  Pharaohs,  is  situated  in  the 
valley  of  the  Nile,  in  the  northcaatGrn  part  of  Africa. 

It  is  now  noted  for  its  stupendous  ruLiB,  that  attest 
its  former  greatness. 

It  is  at  present  tlie  seat  of  a  new  and  prospsrous 
kingdom.  Under  Mahomined  Ali,  who  has  lately  in- 
troduced European  arts,  learning  and  civilization 
into  the  kingdom. 


Pyramids  and  Sphynx. 

The  Pyramids  of  Egypt  are  among  tlie  most  remarkable  works  of 
antiquity.  Tliey  are  on  the  westbank  of  the  river  Nile,  and  al)out 
Ibny  in  number.  The  largest  is  five  hundred  feet  high,  and  728  fenl 
al  the  base.  The  Sphynx  i»  a  monster  cut  out  of  the  solid  rock,  hav- 
ing the  head  of  a  man  and  the  body  uf  a  lion.  It  is  one  hundred  and 
twenty  five  leet  in  length.    It  is  now  mostly  buried  in  the  band. 

Fair  Cai-ro  and  Ro-set'-ta  standing  where 
Egyptian  ruins  cloud  the  middle  air  : 
There  Thebes  and  Alexandria  lie  unfurled. 
The  dim  resemblance  of  an  ancient  world. 

S«Dna  Gambia. 

Temboo,  St.  Louis,  Bathurst  and  Kem-i-noo', 
In  Senna  Gambia  stand  in  open  view. 
The  first  is  capital,  the  chief  of  all, 
The  next,  on  Senegal,  belongs  to  Gaul. 

Sierra  Ijeone. 

In  Sier'-ra  Le'-one,  Freetown  let  us  write, 
Reformed  and  christianized  from  heathen  night. 

Uberia. 

Mon-ro'-via,  in  Liberia  we  see. 
Where  Afric's  sons  are  niunbered  with  the  free. 

Guinea. 

In  Guinea  stand  Bi-af '-ra  and  Be-nin', 
There  Ab'-o-mey — a  pagan  rude  is  seen. 
Coo-mas'-sie,  where  Ashantee's  tribes  abide, 
And  push  their  conquests  round  on  every  side. 

iMonffo  and  Congo. 

Lo-an'-go,  on  Loango's  coast  unfoltfs, 
And  Con'-go's  skies  St.  Salvador  beholds. 
The  last  is  throned  upon  a  mountain  high. 
And  famed  for  health  beneath  a  cloudless  sky. 


GiiAsn  Caiiio  is  the  largest  city  of  Africa,  and 
is  the  residence  of  the  Pacha  of  Egypt. 

Rosctta,  Thebes  and  Alexandria,  are  all  noted  for 
the  remarkable  ruins  found  in  their  vicinities. 

Senna  Gambia. 

A  well  watered  and  productive  country, 
south  of  the  Great  Desert. 

The  climate  is  hot  and  fatal  to  Europeans. 

The  English,  French  and  Portuguese  hav«  settle- 
ments on  the  coast. 

Tk»iboo  is  the  capital. 

St.  Louis  is  claimed  by  Francs. 

Sierra  Leone. 

Established  by  Great  Britain,  1787,  for  the 
purpose  of  Christianizing  the  natives. 

The  colony  contains  about  18,000  inhabitanU; 
mostly  negroes,  taken  from  slave  ships. 

Freetown  is  a  missionary  station,  established  by 
Great  Britain,  1786. 

Liberia. 

Formerly  an  American  colony— now  an  in- 
dependent republic.  It  was  colonized  in  1 82 1 ;  be- 
came independent  in  1 847. 

Monrovia,  the  capital,  wa«  founded  by  the  Amer- 
ican Colonization  Society,  1820. 

-   Quinea. 

Comprises  the  kingdoms  of  Ashantee,  Da- 
homey, Benin,  &c.  Noted  tor  ite  burning  climate. 
The  coast  is  divided  into  the  Grain,  Ivory,  and  Gold 
coast. 

CooMAssiE,  the  largest  town  in  Guinea,  is  the 
capital  of  Ashantee,  the  most  powcrtul  kingdom  in 
tlie  West  of  Africa. 

Abomey  is  but  a  largo  ctillrction  of  huts.  Barbar- 
ism and  paganism  exist  here  in  their  most  hideous 
shapes. 

Loango,  Congo,  Angola,  and  Benguela. 

LoANGo  is  about  400  miles  in  extent.  The 
climate  is  said  to  be  salubrious.      The  coast  is  high. 

CoxHo  is  Iwunded  on  the  west  by  the  .Atlantic; 
on  the  oast  by  lofty  mountains. 

Amjola  is  reaorteil  to  !)y  slave  vessels,  to  procure 
slaves  from  its  coast. 

Bknoukla. — The  coast  is  extremely  unhealthy. 


AFRICA 


57 


South  An*lca. 


Cape  To>wii. 

Cape  Town,  in  Cape  Colony,  on  the  extreme  soutliern  shore  of 
Africa,  was  founded  by  the  Dutch  in  1650.  and  is  now  in  the  pos- 
iiegsion  of  Great  Britain.  It  is  the  great  half- way-house  tor  vessels  in 
the  China  or  India  trade. 

Cape  Town,  within  Cape  Colony  is  found. 
Where  vessels  stop  when  to  the  Indies  bound. 
And  from  Cape  Town,  northeast,  we  likewise  view 
Kur-re-chan-ee',  Ma-show',  and  Lat-ta-koo\ 

Mozambique. 

In  Mo-zam-bique',  holds  Mozambique  her  rule, 
Which  with  So-fa'-la's  owned  by  Portugal. 

There  QuiMi-mane'  and  In-ham-bane'  behold 
Where  Lisbon  trades  for  ivory,  slaves  and  gold. 

Zanguebar. 

In  Zan'-gue-bar,  dark  Mag-a-dox'-a  breathes, 
And  there  Me-lin'-da  with  Quil-lo'-a  lives. 

AdeL 

And  A' -del  and  Ber-be'-ra  both  appear, 
Wliere  Adel's  plains  their  tawny  bosoms  rear : 
For  gums  and  frankincense,  and  costly  myrrh, 
These  both  are  known  and  chronicled  afar. 

Abyssinia* 

And  Mas'-sua,  Gon'-dor,  and  one  Ax'-um  throng, 
Where  A  byssinia's  do  ^rs  are  round  dliem  hung. 
As  Axum  spreads  her  ruins  to  the  day ; 
Gondor  is  on  a  hill,  and  built  of  clay. 

Nubia. 

And  Sen'-na-ar,  Shen'-di,  and  Mer-a'-weh  smile 
With  Derr  in  NubiA,  on  the  flowing  Nile. 
Meraweh's  famed  for  temples,  near  her  border, 
Shendi  for  pyramids  of  ancient  order. 

As  by  the  yUe  Dongola  mounts  the  throne  ; 

Ip-sam'-bul  for  her  temple  well  is  known. 


South  Africa. 

Comprises  Cape  Colony,  Caffraria,  the  Land 
of  the  Hottentots,  and  the  District  of  the  Boshuanos. 

Cape  (Jolony  was  settled,  in  1 650,  by  the  Dutch, 
and  is  now  in  the  possc^jsion  of  Great  Britain. 

Caffrahia,  or  the  Countht  of  the  Caffhes, 
extends  about  650  miles  along  the  eastern  coast  of 
South  Africa. 

The  Caffi-es  are  a  mixture  of  the  Arab  and  Negro. 
They  possess  vigoroms  constitutions,  have  brown 
complexions,  with  features  of  an  European  cast. 

The  Bushmen, or  Wilb  Hottentots, are  among 
the  most  degraded  of  the  human  species.  They  have 
sharp,  fierce-looking  features,  and  a  wild  expression  in 
their  eyes.  They  wander  about  without  any  fixed 
habitation,  subsisting  on  roots,  toads,  lizards,  grass- 
hoppers, dec. 

Mozambique. 

A  large  country,  on  the  eastern  coast  of 
Africa,  claimed  by  Portugal.  Its  trade  is  ivory,  slaves 
and  gold. 

Mozambique,  and  all  the  rest  of  the  ports  on  the 
coast  of  Mozambique,  are  in  the  possession  of  the 
Portuguese,  who  hold  a  traffic  with  the  natives  for 
ivory,  gold  and  slaves,  " 

Zanguebar. 

A  marshy,  unhealthy  country,  that  abounds 
in  elephants,  crocodiles  and  venomous  serpents. 

Adel  and  Berbera. 

Adel,  west  of  Berbera,  is  imperfectly  known. 
Berbera  is  the  most  eastern  part  of  Africa,  and  no- 
ted for  gums  and  spices. 

Adii.  and  Berbera,  the  chief  towns,  are  noted  for 
their  frankincense  and  rich  gums. 

Abyssinia. 

The  ancient  Ethiopia,  is  an  uneven  country, 
utersected  by  ranges  ot  high  mountains.  The  soil 
in  the  valleys  b  fertile,  and  the  climate  is  mild  and 
salubrious. 

Thfl  inhabitants  are  a  cruel  and  licentious  race. 

Axum  is  noted  for  monuments  and  ruins ;  among 
which  are  40  obelisks ;  one  80  feet  high. 

Nubia. 

A  rocky,  sandy, desert  country,  where  pillars 
of  sand  are  seen  moving  in  the  wind,  and  where  the 
poisonous  simoom  blows.  It  belongs  to  the  Pacha 
of  Egypt. 

Near  Meraweh  are  a  iiumlwr  of  temples,  adorned 
with  sculptures,  hieroglyphics,  &c.  One  of  these, 
the  largest,  is  450  feet  in  length  and  160  in  width. 

Near  St>endi  are  upward  of  40  pyramids,  supposed 
by  many  to  be  older  limn  thoise  of  Egypt. 

DoNooi.A,  on  the  Nile,  is  the  capital. 

Ipsamhsj!  is  nnt-^!  for  a  tf  tTi[-!."  nf  immens©  propor- 
tioR,  excavated  out  of  the  solid  rock.  It  is  adorned 
with  colossal  statues  and  painted  sculptures. 


I 


58 


POETICAL    GEOGRAPHY 


Central  Aflrlca. 

Near  Niger's  banks  Tim-buc'-too  finds  a  spot, 

For  caravans  a  place  of  great  resort. 
Se-STo'  and  Jena  both  are  towns  of  trade, 
Southwest  from  this,  beside  the  IT^er  laid. 

From  Niger  east,  some  hundred  miles  or  more. 
Is  Sack-a-too',  the  first  m  size  and  power. 

The  commerce  of  Africa,  Arabia,  and  manjr  other  parts  of  Asia, 
iscarriedoiiby  means  of  caravans.  The  camel  is  the  only  animal  that 
can  endure  the  scorching  heat  of  the  sandy  deserts.  A  caravan 
sometimes  consist*  of  2000  camels,  and  as  many  persons. 


Soodan,  or  Central  Africa. 

Soodan,  or  Nigritia,  sometimes  called  Cen« 
tral  Africa,  u  imperfectly  known.  It  includes  all 
south  of  the  Great  Desert,  and  north  of  Ethiopia. 

TiMBUCToo,  once  supposed  to  be  a  large  city,  is 
found  to  be  but  a  mere  cdlection  of  huts. 

Qr«at  Desert 

The  Great  Desert  of  Sahara,  north  of  Soo- 
dan, is  3000  miles  long  and  more  than  1000  broad, 
containing  over  1,800,000  squart  miles.  This  immense 
expanse  is  nearly  all  covered  with  sand,  which  is 
blown  by  the  wind  in  moving  pillars,  scattering  death 
in  its  fearful  path. 


[The  Red  Sea,  viewed  from  Ras  Mahommed,  on  the  southwest  coast  of  Arabia  Pelnea.] 

TheRsoSsAisa  large  inlet  or  bay.  communicating  with  the  Indian  Ocean  by  the  Strait  of  Babel-Mandel  and  theGulf  of  Aden. 
Its  length  is  about  1400  miles,  and  its  greatest  breadth  900.    This  sea  is  bounded  on  the  east  by  Arabia ;  on  the  west  by  Egypt. 

It  is  still  memorable  fnr  the  wonderful  passage  And  safe  deliverance  of  the  children  of  Israel  through  its  waters;  and  for  the 
overthrow  of  the  haughty  i'haraoh  and  ihe  Egyptian  host. 

The  celebrated  Song  of  Miriam,  sung  after  this  great  drama  (see  Exodus  xv,  30),  is  thus  paraphrased  by  Moors,  in  one  of  his 
Buost  beautiful  and  melodious  strains. 

MIRIAM'S    SONG. 


SoruD  the  loud  timbrel  o'er  Ksfvpl's  darV  sea ! 
Jehovah  has  triumph'd. — his  people  are  free. 
Sinj — for  the  pride  of  the  tyrant  is  broken. 

His  chariots,  his  horsemen,  all  splendid  and  brave — 
How  vain  was  their  boasting ! — The  Lord  hath  but  spoken, 

And  uiiurioi  and  iiurtieiiiuii  are  »uiik  in  ihe  wave. 
Sound  the  loud  timbrel  o'er  Elgypt's  dark  sea! 
Jehovah  has  triumph'd, — bis  people  are  free. 


Praise  to  the  Conqueror,  praise  to  the  Lord! 

His  word  vms  our  arrow,  his  breath  was  our  sword  !- 

Who  shall  return  to  tell  Egypt  the  story 

Of  those  she  sent  forth  in  Ihe  hour  of  her  pride? 
For  the  Lord  bath  look'd  out  from  his  pillar  of  glory. 

And  ail  hrr  brave  thousands  are  dashed  in  the  tide. 
Sound  the  loud  timbrel  o'er  Egypt's  dark  sea! 
Jehovah  ha*  triumph'd,— his  people  are  free. 


ISLANDS. 


Chained  to  the  Arctic  sea  is  Greenland  found, 
Where  winter  spreads  his  desolation  round. 
As  Disco  here  in  snowy  garb  is  dressed, 
Prince  William's  Land  from  Baffin's  Bay  is  west ; 
Southampton  keeps  in  Hudson's  ample  bay. 
While  west  of  all,  Sabine  and  Melville  lay. 
And  Newfoundland  from  Labrador  is  south, 
Where  the  St.  Lawrence  river  opes  her  mouth. 
Prince  Edwards  here,  with  Anticosti  keeps. 
With  one  Cape  Breton,  on  the  liquid  deeps. 
Long  Island  floats  upon  the  azure  wave, 
Where  Martha's  Vineyard  and  Nantucket  lave. 
Ber-mu-das  and  Ba-ha'-ma,  blooming  where 
Sweet  spring  distils  her  ever-balmy  air  ;       [smiles, 
Where  storms  and  earthquakes  frown,  and  verdure 
In  summer's  climes  lay  fair  W*^st  India  Isles  ; 
Of  these  rich  Cuba  sparkles  o'er  her  stand  ; 
Hay'-ti  and  Por-to  Rico  join  the  band  ;  [torn. 

Though  scorched  by  lightnings,  and  by  earthquakes 
Ja-mai'-ca  there  still  blushes  like  the  morn. 

Southeast  from  these,  and  smiling  on  the  tide, 
Ca-rib'-bee's  mounds  are  mantled  in  their  pride  ; 
There  Bar-ba-does'  and  fertile  Gua-da-loupe', 
With  Trin-i-dad',  stand  in  the  elfin  group  ; 
Jo-an'-nes  dwells  in  Am-a-zon's  broad  mouth. 
With  Mar-tin- Vas',  and  Sax-em-burg  more  south  ; 
Au-ro-ra  and  South  Georgia,  dismal  shores, 
Where  winter  with  his  blustering  tempests  roars ; 
And  Ter'ra  del  Fu-e'-go,  scorched  by  fire. 
With  Falk'-land,  'neath  the  storm's  impetuous  ire  ; 
South  Shet'-land  and  South  Ork'-ney,  unexplored. 
With  Sand-wich  Land,  whose  names  we  scarce  aiford; 

And  St.  Hel-e'-na,  where  Napoleon  lay. 
Is  on  the  western  coast  of  Africa. 
As-cen'-sion  and  St.  Mat'-thew  northly  glow. 
With  one  St.  Thomas,  and  Fer-nan-do  Po ; 
Cape  Verd,  from  Gambia  west,  comes  in  the  song, 
As  the  Canary  Isles  to  Spain  belong ; 
Madeira  there  with  sparkling  wine  cup  full. 
In  mountfun  garb,  is  owned  by  Portugal ; 
For  health  renowned,  then  comes  the  fair  Azores, 
Or  Western  Isles,  where  ocean's  dark  surf  roars. 

(69) 


C|rbi.<<la!(d  u  probably  the  largest  island  in  the 
world,  excepting  New  Holland ;  it  ii  known  to  ex- 
tend more  than  1,400  miles  north,  and  how  much 
further  is  unknown.  It  probably  reaches  to,  or  beyond 
the  pole,  and  forms  an  Arctic  Continent  of  itaeW. 

Mkltillb  is  noted  as  having  been  the  head  quar- 
ters of  Captain  Pany,  for  two  years. 

NKwrau»Di.AND  is  noted  for  the  greatest  codfiah- 
eries  in  the  world.     It  belongs  to  Great  Britain. 

Namtuckkt  is  noted  as  a  whaling  depot 

Loxo  Island,  south  of  Connecticut,  is  noted  for 
its  fertility  of  soil. 

Thk  Bahamas  and  Bermudas,  are  noted  for 
their  salubrious  chmate.  St.  Salvador,  one  of  the 
Bahamas,  was  the  first  land  discovered  by  Columbus. 

The  West  Indies  are  noted  for  their  ureat 
fertility. 

Cuba,  the  largest,  belongs  to  Spain;  it  is  about 
800  Kiiles  in  length,  with  an  average  width  of  75 
miles. 

Jamaica,  one  of  the  most  beautiful  of  the  West 
Indies,  is  subject  to  hurricanes,  earthquakes,  and 
dreadful  storms  of  thunder  and  lightning. 

Joannes  is  a  large  island,  lying  in  the  mouth  of 
the  Amazon. 

Terra  del  Fuboo,  or  the  land  of  fire,  is  a  cold, 
desolate  region,  inhabited  by  a  race  of  the  most  mis- 
erable savages. 

St.  Helena  is  a  rocky  island  off  the  coast  of 
Africa.  It  is  noted  as  having  lieen  the  prison  of  Na- 
poleon, from  18IS,  to  his  death,  1881.  His  body 
remained  there  till  1 840,  when  it  was  taken  to  France. 

Ascension  is  noted  for  turtles. 

Cape  de  Verues  have  a  hot,  unhealthy  climate. 

The  Canaries  are  noted  for  canary  birds,  and  the 
Peak  of  TenerifTe,  an  extiiiGt  volcano,  18,250  feet 
hl^h. 

The  Asores  or  Western  Islands,  belonging  to 
Portugal,  are  noted  for  fertility  of  soil  and  salubrious 
climate. 

Mabkira,  a  mountainous  island,  is  noted  for  fer- 
tility and  Madeira  wine. 

The  Hebrides  belong  to  Scotland,  they  are 
mostly  barren  and  sterile. 

The  Shetlanuh,  north  of  the  Orkneys,  number 
in  all  about  100.     They  are  cold  and  barren. 

Iceland,  one  of  the  largest  islands  in  the  world, 
is  noted  for  Mount  Hecla.  and  its  geysers  or  springs 
of  hot  water.  The  climate  is  dreary  and  cold.  It  is 
owned  by  Denmark. 

SpiTziiEROEN  is  the  most  northern  land  known; 
it  lies  between  the  77th  and  Slst  degrees  of  north 

sea-cows,  sea-lions,  &c.  In  the  summer  the  sun  does 
not  set  for  three  months. 


fS 


60 


POETICAL     GEOGRAPHY 


Great  Britain,  west  of  Europ«i,  takes  h«*r  post; 
And  Ireland  borders  on  her  western  const ; 
And  Fa'-roe,  Shet-land  and  the  Ork'-neys  gaze 
Still  further  north,  where  sleep  the  Heb'-ri-des  ; 

Fu-en'  and  Zeal -and  east  of  Denmark  keep  ; 
Born-hdm  and  Ru'-gen  in  the  Baltic  sleep  ; 
O'-land  and  Gfotk-land  there  in  slumbers  lay. 
And  A' -land  gazes  o'er  the  Baltic  sea. 

Of  the  Mediterranean. 

Mi-nor'-ca  and  Ma-jor'-ca,  east  of  Spain, 
With  Iv'-i-ca  assert  their  watery  reign ; 
Sar-din''i-a  on  her  watery  throne  I  found, 
With  Cor'-»i-ca,  her  sister,  by  her  crowned ; 
Cy'-preu  and  Can'-di-a  in  angelic  mien, 
With  Sic'-i-ly  in  the  same  bright  sea  are  seen. 

or  the  Arctic  Ocean. 

The  foxes'  empire,  No-va  Zem-bla,  stands, 
And  o'er  the  pole  SpUz-her-gen  holds  her,  hands. 

Of  the  Indian  and  Paclflc  Oceauii. 

Com-o'-ro  Isles,  Bour-bon,  and  Isle  of  France, 
With  Mad-a-gas' -car,  from  the  waves  advance  ; 
And  Lae'-a-dives  and  Mcd-dives  there  are  strown. 
With  Cha'-gos  Isles,  by  Indian  zephyrs  blown. 
South  of  Hindoostan  blooms  the  fair  Cey-lon', 
Known  for  her  costly  pearls  and  cinnamon ; 
Hai-nan'  is  seated  in  the  gulf  Tonquin,  (ton-keen') 
From  China  east,  Formosa  Isle  is  seen, 
With  Ki-u-si-u  and  So-koke,  we  scan 
Niphon  and  Jesso,  islands  of  Japan. 
From  Niphon  north  behold  Saghalien  Isle, 
While  north  and  east  are  those  we  call  Kurile, 
^  And  Bor'-ne-o  where  the  ourang-outang  is  found ; 
Whose  shores  with  forests  and  with  swamps  abound, 
And  Cel'-e-bes,  where  herbs  of  poison  grow. 
And  reptiles  live,  stands  east  of  Bor'-ne-o  ; 
Sumatra  where  Mount  Ophir  towers  the  while. 
As  Java  slumbers  a  volcanic  isle. 
Moluccas  for  their  spices  next  we  name, 
As  the  Philippine  Isles  are  owned  by  Spain. 

Australia,  Ocean's  first  born  offspring  stands, 
And  o'er  his  azure  empire  spfeads  her  lands. 
New  Guinea  and  New  Zealand  there  are  lain. 
And  there  Van  Dieman's  Land  usurps  her  reign. 


Novx  Zkxbla  lies  north  of  Europe  and  Ana. 
It  is  deolitule  of  all  traces  of  vegetation,  save  lichens 
and  mosses.  Yet  on  its  shores  are  found  vast  num. 
tiers  of  foxefi,  white  bears,  walruses  and  seals. 

t'oHHicA,  100  miles  long,  and  about  44  wide,  is 
noted  as  the  t)irthpiace  of  Napoleon. 

8a  nu  IN  I  A,  16(1  miles  long  and  60  wide,  is  rich  with 
minerals,  and  hat>  u  tertile  soil. 

Sicii.T  was  uiice  called  the  granary  of  Europe. 
It  is  the  largest  island  n>  the  Meditenanean,  and  is 
noted  for  Mount  Etna. 

Madasascah,  on  the  coast  of  Africa,  is  one  of 
the  largest  islands  in  the  world,  being  840  miles  long 
and  300  wide.  Its  inhabitants  are  Arabs,  Megroes 
and  Malays.  The  soil  is  rich  and  fertile,  and  the 
climate  healthy. 

Bourbon  belongs  to  France.  It  contains  a  volca- 
no in  a  state  of  activity. 

The  Isle  or  France,  or  Mauritias,  belongs  to 
England.  It  is  noted  for  a  lofly  mountain,  which  is 
crowned  by  a  high,  rocky  peak,  called  Peter  Botte 
Mountain. 

Nkw  HoLLANn,  or  Australia,  is  the  largest 
island  in  the  world,  having  an  area  of  3,500,000 
square  miles.  The  whole  of  this  vast  tract  of  land 
ia  claimed  by  Great  Britain. 

The  natives  or  aborigines  of  this  island  are  proba- 
bly the  lowest  in  the  scale  of  any  that  belong  to  the 
human  family.  They  are  the  only  race  that  goes 
entirely  naked.  Their  food  consists  of  fish,  snakes, 
snails,  worms,  lizards  and  all  kinds  of  loathsixne 
reptiles. 

Van  Dikm ak's  Land,  situated  south  of  Australia, 
is  noted  as  being  the  place  where  most  of  the  con- 
victs of  Great  Britain  are  now  banished.  The  popu- 
lation is  about  one  third  criminals. 

New  Zealanh  became  a  part  of  the  British  Em- 
pire in  1840.  The  natives  ate  tall  and  well  formed, 
and  were  formerly  cannibals. 

Sumatra  is  noted  for  Mount  Ophir,  1.1,000  feet 
high.  The  island  produces  large  quantities  of  cam- 
phor aiid  pepper. 

Java  belongs  to  the  Uuteh.  It  produces  cnfTtfe, 
sugar,  rice,  &c.  Batavia,  the  capital,  is  a  great  com- 
mercial emporium  for  the  trade  of  the  Dutch  in  the 
East. 

Crlbrks  is  noted  for  its  vast  number  of  vendttious 
reptiles,  flies,  &c,  that  annoy  the  inhabitants  to  «uch 
a  degree  that  they  are  compelled  to  build  their  houses 
on  posts,  to  prevent  their  intrusion. 

The  Philippines  are  noted  for  terrific  storms  of 
thunder  and  lightning. 

Borneo  is  one  of  the  largpst  islands  in  the  world. 
Its  shores  are  beset  with  swamps  and  forests.  The 
orang  outang,  the  connecting  link  brtween  man  and 
the  lower  animals,  is  found  here. 

The  original  iahabitants  of  the  LiTinoNEs  have 
been  nearly  all  exterminated  by  the  ISpaniards. 

Tbk  Cauolink  Ihlaniis  are  mostly  aii  of  corai 
formation.  They  are  beat  by  a  tempestuous  ocean, 
and  are  subject  to  storms  and  hurricanes. 


as 


mmmm 


mmmm 


mmm 


ISLANDS. 


HSBSSa 


61 


The  Caroline,  vrhero  reefe  of  coral  form, 
Brave  the  rough  surf,  the  tempest  and  the  storm  ; 
Ladrones  beneath  the  Spanish  yoke  are  bound. 
While  farther  north  the  Bonin  Isles  are  found ; 

The  Sandwich  Islands,  where  Mount  Roa  keeps, 
And  where  Kirauea  flames  above  the  deeps, 
Where  Captain  Cook  was  by  the  natives  slain, 
Are  bound  together  in  the  coral  chabi 

Folded  in  Ocean's  arms,  the  Friendly  Isles, 
By  the  Society,  rear  up  their  piles ; 
Fair  Otaheite,  in  the  last  named  band, 
Shines  like  an  Eden  in  a  fairy  land. 

Marquesas  Isles  are  in  the  burning  zone, 
South  of  the  line  with  those  called  Washington. 
Ju-an'  Fer-nan'-dez  sparkles  in  the  deeps, 
And  young  Chi-lo'-e  near  to  Chili  keeps  ; — 
As  Qal-a-pa'-gos  fronts  the  torrid  skies, 
Van-cou'-ver's  to  the  north  at  fifty  lies ;  (50°) 
And  farther  still.  Queen  Charlotte's  Isle  is  sown, 
Where  On-a-las'-ka  and  A-leu-tian  shone. 


The  Aleutian  Islands,  in  the  North  Pacific,  belong  to  Russia. 
They  are  about  forty  in  number,  and  contain  several  active  vol- 
canoes. In  1795  a  volcanic  island  rose  from  the  sea,  which,  in 
1807,  had  enlarged  to  twentyone  miles  in  circumference. 

The  natives  of  these  islands  are  a  mild  race  of  savages,  who 
Kve  in  large  subterranean  houses,  which  frequently  contain  from 
100  to  160  persons. 


The  Sawdwich  Islands  are  among  the  most 
important  of  the  Pacific.  The  native  inhabitanu 
have  all  been  convertod  to  the  Christian  religion. 


Otah«iie. 
Otaheitp  '-the  gem  of  llie  Pacific,"  i«  the  largest  of  ilie 
Sttuiply  IrIiimiIs.  Uh  fircumfsrence  is  about  108  milos. 
The  interior  rises  ittto  high  mountains,  the  sides  of  which 
are  covered  with  rich  v«rdure.  The  natives  of  this  islniid 
are  tall  and  v»ell  made;  they  have  lately  been  Converted, 
by  the  efforts  of  missionaries,  to  the  Chrisiiart  religion. 


Juan  I'ernandez. 


Juan  Fernandez  was  formerly  noted  for  having  been 
the  solitary  re«jdence  of  Alexander  Selkirk  for  several 
years ;  ftbm  which  event  sprung  the  celebrated  romance 
of  Robinson  Crusoe.  It  has  been  described  as  one  of  the 
most  beautiful  istatids  in  the  world. 


Ladies  of  the  Azores,  or  Western  Islands. 


iSSiES 


99 


MOUNTAINS. 


North  America. 

The  Rock^  Mimntaint  join  in  airy  bands, 

O'er  British  soil  and  over  Yankee  lands. 

O'er  Mexico  and  Ouatamala,  too, 

In  the  same  chain,  Cor-dtt-le-raa  we  view. 
As  Ozark  MourUains  in  Missouri  pile, 
In  Tennessee  is  Cumberland  the  while> 
N.  C,  Virginia,  Maryland  and  Penn., 

Are  bound  together  by  the  Blue  Ridge  chain. 

O'er  the  same  states,  except  the  state  N.  C, 

The  Alleghany  keeps  them  company. 

The  dark  Oreen  Mountains  in  Vermont  embower, 

And  the  White  Mountains  o'er  New  Hampshire  tower. 

Sontli  America. 

O'er  South  America  the  An'-des  rise, 
With  Chim-bo-ra''Zo  throned  above  the  skies. 
So-ra-to,  too,  the  highest  peak,  is  there ; 
Bolivia  is  the  place  he  m^es  his  lair. 

Earape. 

As  Scotia's  climes  the  proud  Ben  Ne'-vis  hails, 
"With  Chrampian  Hitts; — Snowdon  is  found  in  Wales. 
With  huge  Cantabrian  and  Iberian  reign 
The  bold  Ne-va'*da  o'er  the  realms  of  Spdn. 
Castile,  To-le-do,  and  Mo-ra''na  steep. 
O'er  Spain  and  Portugl^^eir  sentries  keep. 

'Tween  France  and  S|MDn  behold  the  Py-ren-nees' ; 

The  proud  (Je-vennes'  in  France  the  traveler  sees, 

Atfvergne,  near  by,  spreads  out  his  rocky  line ; 
Ai  the  Vosgea  Mounts  are  west  the  river  Rhine ; 


The  following  table  nhowB  the  length  of  the  prin- 
cipal ranges  of  Mountains: 

Andes, .      4,500 

Mexican  and  Rocky  Mountains,  ....  6,600 

Whole  American  Chain 10,000 

Altain  Mountains, 6,1)00 

Mountains  of  the  Moon 2,000 

Ural  Mountains, >  .  .q^. 

Atlas  Mountains, 5    ' 

Dofrafield  Mountains, 1,000 

OlonetE, 1,000 

Alleghany, 900 

Alps, 600 

Appenines, 700 

Carpathian, 500 

Green  Mountains, 3.50 

Pyrennees, 200 

The  following  shows  the  bight  eS  some  of  the 
loftiest  peaks  of  Mountains : 

FKKT. 

Chumularee, Thibet,  .    .   29,000 

Sorato Bolivia,  .    .    25,000 

Chimborazo Equador,  .    21,44ii 

Hindoo  Koosh A^hanistan,  20.600 

Cotopaxi,  a  volcano,   .    .    .  Equador,  .     18,890 

St  Elias,  highest  b  N.  A.,  .  Russian  Am.  17,900 

Popocatapett,  I.I^iicst  in  .   .  Mexico,  .    .   17,700 
Mt  Blanc,  highest  in  Europe,  Italy, .   .   .    16,686 

Antisana  Farm  House,  .    .  Equador,    .    14,300 

Mount  Etna,  volcano,  .    .   .  Sicily,  .    .    \Q,9f)Q 

Mount  Lebanon, Syria,  .    .    .  10,000 

Mount  Sinai, Arabia,.    .   .8,168 

Pbidus,  highest  in  ...   .  Greece,  .    .   7,677 

The  highest  inhabited  spot  in  Europe,  is  the  Mo- 
nastery of  St.  Bernard,  in  the  pass  over  the  Great 
St.  Bernard  Mountain.  It  is  8,000  feet  above  the 
level  of  the  sea.  Here  the  monks  entertain  all 
strangers  and  travelers  gratis,  for  three  days.  Dogs 
*re  "0  train6d  th"t  thev  sr*  sent  cut  in  the  stornifi  cf 
snow,  to  rescue  benighted  travelers. 

In  South  Amerila  we  find  large  cities  excelling  the 
above.  They  are  mostly  on  (he  table  lands  ol  the 
Andes.    Quito  is  9,000  feet  above  the  level  of  the 


(68) 


^: 


MOUNTAINS. 


63 


As  Switzerland  claims  the  Alps— the  Ap'-pen-inea 
O'er  Italy  unfold  their  snowy  shrines. 

On  Austrian  shores,  upon  the  map  are  traced 
The  En'-ge-herg,  with  the  Car-pa' -thi-an  braced. 

He'-mua  in  Turkey,  with  the  O-lpm'-pus  mound ; 

While  proud  Par-nas-sus  Mount  in  Greece  is  found, 

The  Dof-fra-jield  in  Norway,  and  between 
Norway  and  Sweden,  on  the  map  are  seen. 

0-lerdz'  in  Finland,  while  the  TT-rd.  chain 
'Tween  Russia  and  Siberia  may  reign. 

Asia. 

In  Turkey  dwells  Tau'-rus  and  Lebanon  ; 
As  Ar-a-rat'  is  there  on  his  high  throne. 

Ho'-rth  and  Si'-nai  in  their  grandeur  tower. 
With  one  JRam-le-ak,  on  the  Arab  shore. 

Par-a-po-mi' -sua  and  the  Eldwin  brood. 
With  Lm-ria-tan'  o'er  Persia's  neighborhood. 

The  Oon-do-ree'  and  Kind,  with  Hindoo  Koosh', 
O'er  Afghanistan  shores  their  shadows  push. 

Him-ma'-leh  MourUavna  bound  Hindoostan  north  ; 

Hindoostan  is  the  place  where  Ohaut  has  birth. 

From  Thibet  north,  Ku-en'-len  Mountains  peer ; 

In  Chinese  Tartary  the  Celestials  rear. 

Al-tay\  Sai-an'-akoi  and  the  Va-blo-noy', 
Along  Siberia  south,  we  next  espy. 

Stan-voy'  is  east,  near  the  Pacific  coast, 
Where  O'-kotsk's  billows  round  their  feet  are  tossed. 

Africa. 

In  Barbary  the  AUaa  Mounta  belong  ; 
South  of  Nigritia  is  the  chain  called  Kong, 
Kong  Mountains  join  the  Mountaina  of  the  J/bon, 
In  Ethiopia,  'neath  the  burning  zone. 
The  Cam-e-roon',  in  Guinea  next  we  see  ; 
As  the  Snow  Mounta  are  in  Cape  Colony. 


sea;  La  Par  18,000;  Guanca  Velica  and  Potori 
reach  an  high  as  13,000  or  14.000  feet;  and  the 
♦arm  house  of  Antisana.  tlie  highpst  inhiibited  spot 
on  tho  globe,  Ih  8ul)linieljr  elevated  at  the  hight  of 
I '1 ,300  feet. 

The  Buhlimest  mountain  scenery  in  any  part  of  the 
world,  iH  found  in  South  America.  Th«  cities  just 
enumerated  are  above  the  region  of  the  clouds  mid 
storms,  and  enjoy  one  perpstual  spring,  with  the  clear 
azure  above,  which  is  lit  by  day  with  the  great  lumi- 
nary, and  by  night  sparkling  with  the  effulgence  of 
ten  thousand  stars. 

Travelers  in  ascending  the  Andes  have  witnessed 
stornw  of  lightning  and  thunder  raging  in  their  ele- 
mental fury,  thousands  of  feet  below  them,  while 
they  themselves  were  enjoying  the  cool  zephyr,  or  the 
mild  sunshine. 

The  Andes,  seen  from  the  Pacific  Ocean  off  the 
coast  of  South  America,  present  one  stupendous 
wall  of  adamant,  that  in  the  distance  has  a  hazy, 
blue  appearance,  which  oontniste  and  softens  with 
the  clear  white  of  the  eternal  snow  with  which  the 
top  or  summit  is  crowned. 

The  highest  peak  of  the  Andes  is  Mount  Sorato, 
m  Bolivia ;  its  summit  is  elevated  28,000  feet.  Illii^ 
mani,  near  Sorato,  is  the  second  highest,  being  24,360 
feet.  Chimborazo,  in  Equador,  is  the  third  in  eleva- 
bon,  being  21,444  leet. 

The  Alps  are  the  highest  mountains  of  Europe, 
and  among  the  Alps,  Mount  Blanc,  (or  the  White 
Mountain),  towers  above  all  others,  being  15,685  feet 
It  IS  m  the  northern  part  of  Italy. 

Mount  Blanc  is  the  monarch  of  mountains, 

We  crowned  him  longr  ago. 
On  a  throne  of  rocks,  in  a  robe  of  elouds, 

And  a  diadem  of  anew. 
Around  his  waist  is  the  forest  brac«d, 

And  the  avalanche  in  his  hand. 
But  e'er  it  fall,  the  thundering  ball, 

Must  pause  for  my  command. 

Man/nd. 

The  highest  peak  of  Asia  ia  Chumuiartw,  of  the 
Himmaleh  range,  being  29,000  feet.  This  is  the  high- 
est mountain  in  the  world.  Next  to  this  is  Dawale- 
geri,  27,677  feet  Over  twenty  different  mountains 
in  this  chain  are  said  to  be  over  four  miles  in  hight 

Mountains  are  sometimes  intersected  by  riven, 
which  afford  in  many  places  but  a  narrow  chaimeL 
The  passages  of  the  Potomac  and  Susquehannah, 
through  the  Blue  Ridge,  and  the  Missouri  through 
the  Rocky  Mountaina,  are  the  most  distinguished. 


Mountains  are  great  obshnctians  to  roads  and  canals,  as  weH  as  rivers  The  roads  over  the  Andea  are  so  dangerous 
and  difficult  that  they  can  be  passed  only  by  mules  and  lamas ;  they  are  often  constructed  upon  the  side  of  the  moun- 
tarn  precipice,  where  a  single  misstep  would  precipitate  the  traveler  thousands  of  feet  into  the  yawning  gulf,  or  chasm 
Mi^nr  rhepa«ofQmndu  between  Popayan  and  Bogota,  excels  all  others.  The  highest  part  of  the  nwl  is 
1 1 .000  feet  above  the  level  of  the  sea.  '■  No  hut,"  says  a  distinguished  writer,  •«  is  to  be  seen  for  eleven  days ;  the 
pa...  w!r„.s  ,r.rcugtr  CuasrnS  icf  n:ui  a  iiiiic  ill  length,  and  such  pia(%8  are  covered  witb  the  bones  and  carcasses  of  ani> 
mals  that  have  penahed  firom  fatigue  or  accUent.'»  ^^ 


r 


VOLCANOES. 


VoIoanoM- 


live  most  active 
thousand  years 
than  100  mile* 


View  of  Stromboli. 

«».mmholi  on  ihe  Upari  Itlands,  north  of  Sicily,  is  one  of 
vokmmerin  "he^oAd.  It  has  burned  for  more  than  two 
wi  hourinte?ruption.  Jt  is  visible  ''^t  Medi"e"ra.  ean"' 
and  is  styled  the  great  Light  House  of  the  Mediterranean 

Mount  St.  Eliot  is  a  mount  of  flame, 
Near  the  Pacific,  in  the  Russian  claim. 

And  Po'po-cat-a-petl,  in  Mexico, 
Has  a  high  summit  covered  o'er  with  snow  ; 

In  Guatimala,  Cos-a-ffui'-na  piles, 
And  the  Water  Mountain  or  Volcano  boils. 


Next  Co-to-pax-i  in  Ecuador  scan  ; 
As  high  o'er  Chili  flames  the  proud  Chil-lan'. 

ffecla,  in  Iceland,  and  Vesuvitis  near 
Naples,  in  Italy,  the  next  appear. 
Ef-na  in  Sicily,  and  the  Strom-bo-li,  (strom' -bo-lee') 
Just  north  of  Sioayi  bums  o'er  the  sea. 

On  the  Canary  Isles  is  Tin-ne-rife' ,      % 
TiXf  V  uu  vapc-uc- T  CiU  r<-«.-.  ->--  — ^ — ^ — 
Ki-ra-uea  on  the  Sandwich  sits  sublime. 
And  from  its  horrid  crater  pours  forth  slime. 

(64) 


More  than  two  hundred  volcanoes  are 
knovm  lo  Mi«t  in  the  world ;  one  half  of 
which  are  in  America.  But  o  great  many 
have  never  been  deBcrttwd.  and  have  acarcely 

received  a  name. 

ThoM  of  Europe  and  AMa  are  mortlj  on 
island*;  while  tho«e  of  America  are  on  the 

main  land. 

They  are  distributed  «»  tollown : 

America,  on  the  continent,  97 ;    on  is  and s.  19. 

Kiirop.,    on  the  eoni.nrni,    1:   on  i» lanis.  12. 

A»ia         on  the  continent.    8:   on  islumls.  M. 

Africa.  unkiioWM.  •?""y- 

More  than  forty  volcanoes  are  continually 
burning  between  (Jotopiusi  and  Cape  Horn. 
Equitdor  is  one  great  volcanic  district.  Lolo- 
paxi,  Tungnragua,  Antissana,  and  Pichinca, 
are  the  princifwd  outlets  for  the  inUmal  fires. 

'Iho  island  of  Java  is  noted  as  having  a 
greater  number  of  volcanoes  than  any  other 
portion  of  th->  earth  of  the  same  size.  A  chain 
of  mountains,  in  some  parU  13,000  feet  high, 
crosaes  the  island,  and,  in  the  eastern  part,  is 
divided  into  a  series  of  thirty-three  separate 
volcanoes,  most  of  which  are  in  a  high  state  of 

"*^  ATeruption  of  one  of  the  largest,  in  1772, 
was  one  of  the  most  terrible  on  record.  1  ho 
mountain,  for  a  long  time,  was  enveloped  in  a 
cloud  of  fire.  Soon  after,  the  immense  m.is» 
sunk  away,  and  disappeared,  carrying  with  it  ninety 
square  miles  of  the  surrounding  country,  forty  vU- 
laees,  and  three  thousand  inhabitants.  „  ,  .  , 
KiBAUE*,  on  Hawaii,  one  of  the  Sandwich 
islands,  is  another  of  the  terrible  volcanoes;  its 
crater  ia  acten  and  a  half  miles  in  circumference, 
and  1,000  feet  deep. 


View  of  Coiopaxi. 

Cotopaxi  is  the  loftiest  volcuno  on  the  globe,  and  soni^ 

of  its  eruptions  have  been  the  '""«' ":'"«;|; '  "'■  m  ni  ' 
18.890  fee  high,  .md  is  one  of  the  most  leant,  ul  ^  ""     ' 

of  ihe  Andws  It  is  a  regular  b".'\'">°°"  =°"'-J  "'!',"of 
ill  a  vesture  of  eternal  snow,  which  dazzles  in  the  rays  ol 
"he  sun!  w^h  a  superior  splendor.  Some  ot  ,is  erupiums 
have  Ibrmed  the  most  terrific  »i..l  '*'''''™°  '';^"';; "'re',-,;! 
ever  witne.wed.  The  ttames  nave  been  Known  -o  "sce^"' 
3,000  feel  above  the  top  of  the  mounlam.  n  .8  ni  a  siaic 
i)f  constant  aetiviiy. 


■g     H" 


VOLCANOES 


65 


View  of  Mount  Hsela  and  the  Geyseri. 


■Mount  Fit nn  Ih  ovte  of  tho  oldost  volcanoes 
in  tht<  world,  and  h>iH  had  Nonin  of  tlio  moHt  terrible 
eruptions  Cinf,  in  tlie  year  1HH9,  dontroyed  fourteen 
town*  und  27,000  inhabitnnts.  The  lava  thrown 
out  formed  n  perfect  river  of  fire,  1,800  foet  wide, 
c.'id  40  feet  deep;  and  continued  itn  courae  for  mojo 
thun  15  miles  into  the  seu. 

iMoiint  lluc'Inlai  ■clolirniKl  vnlritiio.  on  ine  iiland  of 
Ic'lHihl.     li  is  iliir  >     iile»  trom  the  oceun, and  5,830  feet 

SkuptHr.lokHl.  oil  ihr  tame  iiland,  had  nn  eruption,  in 
17-<t.  ihni  rnirk*  Hmoiit;  ilic  mom  Irrrihlr,  in  the  duilruc- 
Ii.ii  oi' hli-  wild  ihi!  ninuiiiit of  lavn  thrown  from  ilK  crater. 
N.)l<!i»  iliHii  twenty  v.illuRci,  containing  in  all  about  9,000 
inhnhilniiti.  wrr«  rniiiiimed  It  was  esliinalnd  tiial  the 
Ihvb  dmihiirpcil  would  be  siifriciciii  to  cover  an  area  of 
1.400  «i|iinr«  miles,  to  the  depth  of  ISO  feat. 

The  geyteri.  or  hoi  vprings,  or  rather  water  Tolcanoes, 
•pout  hot  water  from  100  to  !300  feet  high,  with  a  noise 
that  rateiubles  lli«  discharge  of  a  cannon. 


OCEANS. 


An  ocean  is  a  vast  extent  of  brine, 

Or  salt  sea  water,  boundless  and  sublime. 

Five  oceans  there  are  found  upon  this  ball : 
Pacific,  first,  the  largest  of  them  all ; 
To  Asia  and  America  allied, 
£i(/hl  thousand  long,  and  full  twelve  thousand  wide. 

Atlantic,  second,  in  the  list  survey. 
Upon  the  west,  bound  by  America  ; 
While  Africa  and  Europe,  on  the  east. 
Heave  up  their  sea-walls  to  her  waves  of  yeast ; 
Three  thousand  miles  in  width — eight  thousand  lortg, 
In  such  a  space  the  Atlantic  sings  her  song. 

The  Indian  Ocean  is  the  third  in  size, — 
Upon  tlie  north,  the  Asiatic  shores  arise  ; 
Australici's  east ;  while  A/ric's  west  her  tide  : 
Four  thousand  long,  and  just  three  thousand  wi4e. 

The  Antarctic  Ocean  laves  the  Southern  Pole  ; 
While,  round  the  North,  the  Arctic  billows  roll : 
Asia-,  and  Europe,  North  America^ 
With  Greenland,  are  the  boundaries  of  this  sen. 


Three-fourths  of  the  surface  of  the  earth  are  coveri>d 
with  water,  and  the  other  fourth  is  covered  by  the 
land. 

The  water  forms  five  great  divisions,  called  oceavs, 
viz.  the  Atlantic,  Pacific,  Arctic,  Antarctic,  and  Indian 
Ocean.  Beside  these,  there  are  many  smaller  divi- 
sions, called  seas,  lakes,  rivers,  &c. 

The  Pacific  has  an  area  equal  to  78,000,000 
square  miles;  the  Atlantic,  20,000,000;  the  Indian 
Ocean,  12,000,000;  the  Antarctic.  10.000,000;  the 
Northern,  2,000,000. 

The  extent  of  the  difll-rent  seas  are  as  follows: — 
Chinese  Sea,  1,000,000;  Mediterranean,  8,000,000 ; 
Caribbean,  fiOO,000 ;  Okotsk.  .'iOO.OOO;  IJlack  Sea, 
200,000;  Red  Sea,  100.000;  Bahie,  9,000  ;  Irish, 
5,600. 

The  five  ^eat  oceans  form  one  continuous  mass  of 
water. 

The  (Icnan  is  one  of  the  subliniest  works  of  Na- 
ture, whether  it  bo  in  a  state  of  rest,  or  aroused  by 
storms. 

Roll  on.  thou  deen  und  dflrk  hliie  ncfan.  roll. 

Ten  ihoussnd  fli'oln  swrep  ovt- r  thee  in  vain, 
Man  marks  the  ciirlli  with  ruin  ;  his  control 

Slops  with  thy  nhon;.    Upon  the  wuiery  plain. 
The  wrecks  are  all  thy  di-eds. 
•  •  •  0  •  •  • 

Thou  glorious  mirror !  where  the  Almighty's  faea 

CJIass<r»  itself  ill  tempest,  in  all  time. 
Calm  or  eoiivulsed.  in  bree/e.  or  gale,  or  storm, — 

Icing  the  Pole,  or  in  the  Torrid  clime, 

Dark-hcHviii);,  boniulless,  endless.  Riid  sublime. 
The  image  ol'  tiie  Invisilil«  I  [Childt  Harold. 


T 


'  w^.^... 


^Si9^ 


r- 


LAKES. 


lake  of  the  Woods  and  Rainy  Lake,  between 
Britain's  Possessions  and  her  neighbor  Sam. 

Superior,  Huron  and  the  young  St.  Clair, 
With  j&Vw  and  Ontario  are  there. 

'Twfjen  Michigan  and  stat«  Wisconsin  roars 
Lake  Michiyan,  that  laves  the  yankee  shores. 

In  Maine,  is  Moosehead  Lake  and  Um-ba-gog, 
With  Grand  and  Scoo'-dac  in  the  catalogue. 

And  Win-ni-pi-sio' -ge  on  New  Hampshire  lain, 
As  'tween  Vermont  and  York  is  Lake  Ghamplain. 

Oneida  Lake,  Cayuga,  Seneca, 
In  New  Yor)|  state  with  Lake  O-waa-co'  lay. 

Wisconsin  hears  her  Win-ne' -ba-go  talk, 
With  St.  Croix  Lake,  Flam-beau'  and  Tomahawk. 

Bed  Lake  and  Upper  Winnipeg  sedate, 

'Tween  Iowa  and  broad  Wisconsin  state. 
Leech  Lake,  Itasca,  Devil's  and  OUertail, 
In  Iowa  with  liig  Stone  Lake  we  hail. 

Fox  Lake  and  Council,  Lost  and  Jks-a-kee, 
With  Spanish  Lake,  in  the  same  state  we  see. 

In  California  roars  Lake  Bon' -ne-vUle, 
There  Turtle  Lakes  their  rolling  waves  distil. 

In  Mexico,  Tes-cu-co  and  Cha-pa'-la, 
As  Xi-car-a'-gua  live*  in  Guatamala. 

In  Venezuela,  Maraeaybo  view, 
As  TU-i-ca-ca  stands  part  in  Peru. 

In  Scotia  stand  Loch  Lomond  and  Loch  Ness, 
With  Tay  and  Ran-noch  in  their  highland  dress. 

Zu-rich,  Lucerne  and  Neuf-cha-tel  combme. 
On  Switjserland's  mounts  to  feed  a  branch  of  Rhme. 
Constance  is  north  of  Switzerland's  rugged  shore, 
Geneva  west,  while  south  is  Lake  Mag-gwre'. 

In  Sweden,  Wenner,  Wetter  and  Malar',  . 
Mid  wild  fantastic  scenery  take  their  fare. 
In  Russia,  Pe-i-vus'  and  III' -man  bide, 
\,  here  roars  O-nei'-ga  and  Lad-o'-ga  wide. 

Wbmp  :^^ha-ny  and  Baikal  in  Siberia  roar,  (sha-ny) 
Bal-kaah  is  found  upon  the  Tartar  shore. 

As\^fghan  hears  Lake  Durra's  wild  harangue, 
Ton-tia  in  China  keeps  with  Lake  Po  Yang. 

Melgig  and  Alshot  Lakes,  are  in  Algiors> 

JJem-ac-ur  jjiLn-r  lu.  i.\rt\t<r  ., — -  — j-^ _ 

And  last  in  Soudan,  Tchad  Lake  fii^ds  a  lair, 
As  Lake  Maravi  foars  in  Zanguebar. 


Lakefl  are  large  bodies  of  fresh  water,  surronnded 
by  land,  which  generally  have  an  .«utlet  into  boiim 
lOcean,  gulf,  or  bay. 

The  great  chain  of  takes  between  the  United  States 
and  British  America  discharge  all  their  waters  into 
the  ocean,  by  the  St.  Lawrence  river. 

Lake  Superior,  the  largest  on  the  globe,  stands  at 
the  head  of  this  great  chain.  lU  waters  are  elevated 
between  600  and  700  feet  above  the  level  of  the 
Atlantic  Ocean.  It  abounds  with  fish :  trout,  weigh- 
ing from  fiUeen  to  fifty  pounds,  are  caught  in  largo 
quantities.  The  waters  of  this  lake  are  remarkably 
clear,— a  quality  that  pertains  to  all  in  this  chain. 
The  Pictured  Rocks,  on  the  southern  shores,  are  great 
natural  curiosities.  They  form  a  perpendicular  wall 
of  300  feet,  and  eytend  from  twelve  to  fifteen  miles 
in  length.  The  waters  of  this  lake  empty  into  Lake 
Huron,  by  the  St.  Mary's  river. 

Lake  Baikal,  in  Siberia,  is  the  largest  body  of  fresh 
water  on  the  eastern  continent. 

Ladoga  and  Oneiga  are  the  largest  in  Europe. 

Geneva,  Neufchatel,  and  Lucerne,  are  elevated, 
among  the  Alps,  more  than  1,200  feet.  They  are 
distinguished  for  the  wild,  romantic  character  of  their 
scenery,  a  feature  that  pertains  to  all  lakes  of  moun- 
tainous districts ;  such  as  those  of  Norway,  Sweden, 
Finland,  Scotland,  Mexico,  and  South  America. 
Their  shores  are  usually  lined  with  daik  foresU  and 
nigged  precipices. 

The  follovring  Ublo  shows  the  size  of  most  of  the 
principal  lakes. 


Ladoga,  Russia, 
Wenner,  Sweden, 
Peipus,  Russia, 
Wetten,  Sweden, 
Malar,  Sweden, 


European  Lakes. 

Sq.  miUs. 


6,360 
2,160 

.  850 
860 

.    760 


Creneva,  Switzerland,  340 


Sq.  tniltt. 

ConsUnce,  Swilz.,  290 

Illman,        -      -  275 

Maggiore,      -      -  l.'iO 

Neutchatel,        -  115 

Lucerne,        •      -  100 

Garda,        -      -  180 


Aral,     ■ 

Baikal, 

Palkati, 


Lake  Tchad, 
Maravi,  - 


Asiatic  Lakes. 

9,930  I  Van, 
.     7,540 
3,696 


I  Uroomiah, 
I  Dead  Sea, 


African  Lakes. 

1 1  Dembea, 
1 1  Dibble,    - 

American  Lakes. 


Superior,    -      -  35,000 

Huron,-      -  «0,000 

Great  Bear  Lake,  ? 

«»i! : — _        -  mono 

Vt  lllisiinrgi  -       --T 

Slave  Lake,    -  12.000 

Michigan,      ■  16,000 


Arabasca, 
Erie, 

Ontario,     - 
TilicscS; 
Nicaragua, 


1,S60 
760 
600 


i,000 
10,000 
7,200 
6.600 
6,000 


FT 


THE 


RULES   OF  ARITHMETIC. 

IN  VERSE. 


Addition. 

Addition,  is  joining  more  numbers  than  one. 
And  putting  together  to  make  a  whole  sum, 
Addition's  the  rule  that  learns  us  to  count, 
And  the  sum  that 's  produced  is  called  the  amount. 

RULE. 

The  numbers  write  down,  as  the  rule  comprehends, 
Placing  units  imder  imits,  and  tens  imder  tens  ; 
Draw  a  line  underneath,  and  commence  at  the  right, 
Or  the  unit  colimm,  the  work  to  unite ; 
If  its  sum  or  amount  should  not  exceed  9, 
Then  place  it  direct  'neath  its  own  native  line  : 
But  if  9  it  exceeds,  then  the  unit  you  place 
'Neath  the  column  of  units,  (the  imits  to  grace)  ; 
While  the  tens  or  the  figure  that's  to  the  left  hand, 
To  the  next  column  jom,  as  you  well  understand. 

Observe  the  same  rule,  till  you  come  to  the  last. 
And  the  whole  amount  write  as  this  column  you  cast. 

Subtraction. 

Subtradion,  it  teaches,  when  numtjers  are  given, 
One  greater,  one  less,  as  10  stands  to  7, 
To  find  out  their  diflference,  for  difference  we  see, 
And  when  worked  and  achieved,  we  find  to  be  3. 

RULE. 

The  numbers  first  imte,  the  less  under  the  greate**, 
Placing  units  and  tens,  in  lines  of  their  nature, — 
The  subtrahend,  then,  from  the  minuend  take. 
And  that  which  remains,  an  answer  will  make. — 
But  if  in  the  less  mmiber,  a  figure  we  find. 
Which  exceeds  that  above  it,  let  !0  then  be  joined 
To  the  figure  above,  and  from  the  amdilht, 
Take  the  figure  below,  (nor  mistake  in  the  count). 
But  forget  not  to  add,  to  the  next  figure,  then 
In  the  subtrahend,  one  to  make  up  for  this  ten. 


Additioa     ' 

ADfiiTioN  is  joinin?  together  two  or  more 
numbeni,  to  make  on*  whole  sum  or  amount. 

Addition  ig  the  rule  by  which  we  count,  or  put 
numbers  together. 

The  whole  sum,  or  answer,  is  called  tha  amount. 

nv  II. 

Write  down  the  numbers,  one  under  tha  other, 
placing  units  under  units,  tens  under  tens,  and  draw 
a  line  underneath. 

Begin  at  the  right  hand,  or  unit  column,  to  add 
or  unite  the  numbers  together;  add  together  all  the 
figures  contained  in  that  column. 

If  the  sum  or  amount  should  not  exceed  9,  then 
place  it  under  the  column ;  but  if  it  does  exceed  9, 
put  the  rigJit  hand  figure  under  the  column,  and 
carry  the  left  hand  figure,  and  add  it  on  to  the  next 
column. 

Observe  the  same  rule,  putting  down  under  the 
column  added,  the  right  hand  figure,  if  it  exceeds  9 ; 
and  carrying  thfe  left  hand  figure  to  the  next  column. 

At,  the  last  column,  write  down  the  whole  amount, 
arid  the  work  is  corfiplete. 

Subtraction. 

Subtraction  is  taking  a  less  number  from 
a  greater  to  find  out  the  difference,  as  7  from  10;  the 
difl!erence,  or  remainder,  is  3. 

The  greater  number,  or  the  number  to  be  lessened, 
is  called  the  minuend.  The  less  niimlier,'  or  the 
one  to  be  taken  from  the  greater,  is  called  the  tublrw 
hend.  The  difference,  or  that  which  is  left  after  the 
operation  of  the  work,  is  called  the  remainder. 

RULE. 

Write  down  the  numbers,  the  less  undfer  the 
greater,  placing  units  under  units,  tens  under  tens,  and 
draw  a  Une  underneath. 

Subtract  the  lest'  frem  the  greater:  commence  at  the 
right  hand  figure  in  the  lower  line,  and  take  it  from 
the  one  above  it  in  the  upper  line ;  write  the  diflTdrcnce 
below  the  line.  So  proceed  till  the  whole  U  sUbtraeted. 

If  the  figure  above  should  be  less  thnp  the  one 
below,  then  add  ten  to  the  one  above,  and  l^*ni  tin 
amount,  take  the  figure  below.     But  in  tiiis  case 

irou  must  add  one  to  the  next  leh  hand  figbrc,  in  the 
ower  column.    This  is  caHied  bori'owing  ten. 


w 


If 


it 


68 


RULES    OF    ARITHMETIC 


Multiplication. 

Now,  Multiplication,  its  nature  I  '11  show, 
It 's  a  short  way  of  working  Addition,  you  know, 
When  the  same  number  comes,  in  prose  or  in  rhymes. 
To  be  used  or  repeated,  a  number  of  times — 
Let  the  less  number  under  the  greater  one  stand. 
Call  one  the  multiplier,  one  the  multiplicand, — 
Name  the  answer  the  product,— and  then  just  annex 
For  the  sign  of  the  rule,  the  letter — X 

RULE. 

First,  the  number  above,  must  be  multiplied  o'er 
In  succession,  by  each  figure  found  in  the  lower. 
While  the  same  as  Addition,  the  rule  you  have  seen, 
Remember  to  carry  one  for  every  ten  ; 
While  the  rigfU  hand  figure  of  each  product  must  he 
Direct  'neath  the  figure  you  multiply  by ; 
Then  the  same  as  Addition  their  products  unite, 
And  the  amount  of  them  all  is  the  answer  quite. 

Or  when  the  multiplier  is  100  or  10, 
Or  1,  with  any  number  of  ciphers,  I  mean, 
Ot  ciphers,  annex  to  the  multiplicand. 
As  many,  as  in  the  multiplier  stand. 

(h-  when  cij^hcrs  are  in  the  multiplier  found. 
Or  between  the  significant  jigures  abound, 
Byfiffitres  tignificcnt  only,  perform. 
While  the  right  of  each  product  directly  is  borne 
'Neath  th;^  figure  you  multiply, by.  (Now  retain 
This  rule  forever  secure  in  your  brain). 

Division. 

Next  simple  Division,  the  fourth  Rule  is  seen, 
It 's  a  short  way  of  working  Subtraction,  (I  ween), 
It  shows  us  Subtraction,  its  smallest  remains. 
And  how  often  one  number  another  contains. 

The  Divis(yr  is  that,  which  divides,  as  you  see, 
The  Dividend's  that,  which  divided  must  be. 
The  answer  is  called  the  Quotient,  and  shows 
How  oft  the  divisor  in  the  dividend  goes. 


RULE. 

Write  the  dividend  down,  and  to  the  left  hand, 
With  a  curve  line  between,  the  divisor  must  stand, — 

Then  of  figures,  as  many  divide,  (and  consign) 
As  will  hold  the  divisor,  times  not  over  nine,  (9) 
With  the  number  arising,  the  quotient  supply. 
Which  by  the  divisor  you  then  multiply,— 

The  product  then  take  from  the  dividend  o'er  it. 
And  beside  what  remains,  the  next  ti^re  lower  it ; 
Which  again  you  divide,  if 't  will  hold  the  divisor. 
If  not,  in  the  quotient  a  cipher  we  tie  sir, 


Multiplication. 

MuLTiPLiCATioK  Is  a  short  way  of  perform- 
ing Addition,  wlien  the  same  number  is  to  be 
repeated  a  number  of  tim«s. 

Tlie  number  we  multiply  by,  ia  called  tlie 
multiplier. 

The  number  to  be  multiplied,  is  called  tlic 
multiplicand. 

The  answer  is  called  the  product. 

The  sign  of  Multiplication  is  the  letter  X. 


BU  I.E. 

When  the  multiplier  exceeds  12. 

Write  down  the  multiplicand,  under  which,  writ* 
the  multiplier,  pladng  units  under  units,  tens  under 
tens,  and  draw  a  line  underneath. 

Multiply  the  multiplicand  by  each  figure  of  the 
multiplier,  commencing  at  the  right  hand;  and 
remember  to  set  the  first  product  of  each  figure 
directly  under  the  figure  in  the  multiplier  by  which 
you  multiply. 

Add  these  several  products  together,  and  the 
amount  is  the  product  required. 

To  multiply  by  10,  100,  1000,  ifc. 

Add  to  the  multiplicand  as  many  ciphers  as  there 
are  ciphers  iu  the  multiplier;  and  the  multiplying  is 
performed. 

When  ciphers  occur  between  the  significant  figures 
of  the  multiplier,  we  omit  them,  multiplying  by  the 
significant  figures  only,  minding  to  write  the  first 
product  of  each  figure,  directly  under  the  figure  by 
which  we  multiply. 

To  prove  multiplication,  divide  the  product  by  the 
multiplier,  and  if  the  quotient  is  the  same  as  the 
multiplicand,  the  work  is  right 


I 


Division. 


Division  is  a  short  way  of  performing  many 
Subtractions;  or. 

It  shows  how  often  one  number  is  contained  i» 
another. 

The  Dividend  is  the  number  to  be  divided. 

The  Divisor  is  the  number  that  divides  the 
dividend. 

The  answer  is  called  the  Quotient,  and  shows  Iww 
often  the  Divisor  goes  into  the  Dividend. 

RULE. 

When  the  Divisor  ia  more  than  12. 

Place  the  Divisor  at  the  left  of  the  Dividend,  sepa- 
rated by  a  line.  <.,_,..,, 

Then  assume  as  many  figures  of  the  dividend  as 
will  hold  the  divisor  something  less  than  10  times. 

See  how  often  the  divisor  is  contained  in  the 
assumed  portion  of  the  dividend,  and  place  the  result _ 
at  the  right  of  the  dividend,  separated  by  another  line. 

Multiply  the  divisor  by  Uiis  figure,  and  place  the 

proauct  uiiucr  iHc  (ran.  ar-^.iTii'.  ■! — ,_ — ■  — 

tract  it  therefrom,  and  to  the  remainder  bring  down 
the  next  figure  for  a  new  dividend. 


RULES    OF    ARITHMETIC. 


69 


d  showi»  Imiw 


And  to  our  remainder,  a  figure  once  more, 
From  the  dividend  bring,  and  proceed  as  before. 

WHEN   THE   DIVISOR   IS    LESS   THAN    12. 

But  vrhen  the  divisor  does  not  exceed  twelve. 
By  short  division  the  problem  we  solve, 
'Neath  the  dividend  then  the  quotient  you  bind. 
While  the  process  is  mostly  performed  in  the  mind. 

Reduction. 

Reduction  is  changing  a  kind  and  its  name,   • 
To  anotlier,  and  keeping  its  value  the  same. 
It  oonsists  of  two  kinds,  Ascending  is  one, 
Descending  the  other,  by  which  we  come  down ; 
In  Reduction  ascending,  division  we  try  ; 
[n  Reduction  Descending,  we  tlien  multiply. 

Reduction   Ascendingr* 

Divide  the  lowest  kind  that  stands  in  your  sum. 
By  that  number  it  takes  of  the  sum  to  make  one 
Of  the  next  higher  ordcv,  and  keep  the  same  round 
'Till  the  problem  is  solved,  and  the  answer  is  found. 

iDeclmal  Fractions. 

In  decimal  Fractions,  your  work  is  the  same. 
As  when  in  Avhole  numbers,  the  problems  you  frame. 

Addition  and  Subtraction  of  Decimals. 

RULE. 

In  Addition  of  Decimals,  Subtraction  too. 
The  sam«  as  whole  numbers,  the  work  you  must  do ; 
Write  tenths  uhder  tenths,  and  hundredths,  likewise, 
You  place  under  hundredtlis,  the  rule  to  comprise. 
Let  the  decimal  point,  if  the  work  you  approve, 
F(dl  precisely  'neath  those  in  the  numbers  above. 

multiplication  or  Decimals. 

TO   POINT   OFF   IN   MULTIPLICATION   OF   DECIMALS. 

If  in  MuUi2)lication  of  Decimals,  then 
Point  off  from  your  product,  with  pencil  or  pen, 
For  decimal  places,  as  many  as  stand 
In  both  mtdtiplier  and  midtiplkand. 
If  the  product  in  figures  deficient  is  found. 
To  the  left  of  the  product  let  ciphers  be  bound. 

Division  of  Decimals. 

TO  POINT   OFF   IN   DIVISION   OP   DECIMALS. 

In  Division  of  Decimals,  then  you  may  count 
From  the  right  of  the  quotient  the  whole  amount 


Divide  tliis  the  same  aa  before,  and  to  the  remain- 
der continue  to  bring  down  figures  from  the  dividend 
till  the  whole  is  divided. 

To  prove  Division,  multiply  the  divisor  and  quo- 
tierit  toRether,  and  if  the  product  is  the  same  as  the 
dividend,  the  work  is  right. 

£j;am/)/e,— 2840-H0=71,  the  Qaotient.  To 
prove  this,  multiply  71  by  40,  thus:  7lX40i»:2840, 
the  same  as  the  dividend. 


Reduction, 

Reduction  ia  changing  one  kind  or  denom- 
ination to  that  of  another,  without  altering  its  value. 

It  is  of  two  kinds :  Reduction  Ascending  and  De- 
scending; the  former  is  performed  by  division,  and 
the  latter  by  multiplication. 

nCLK    FOIl    IlEUtCTlON    ASCKNDIKO. 

Divide  the  lowest  denomination  given,  by  as  many 
as  it  takes  of  the  same  to  make  one  of  the  next 
highest  order. 

Divide  the  quotient  in  the  same  manner,  by  the 
number  it  takes  of  its  own  denomination  to  make  one 
of  the  next  higher  denomination ;  so  continue  to  do 
till  it  is  reduced  to  th«  denomination  required. 


Decimal  Fractions. 

Decimals  are  performed  the  same  as  whole 
numbers.  The  only  difficulty  is  to  know  where  to 
put  the  separation  or  decimal  point,  between  decimals 
and  whole  numbers. 

Addition  and  Subtraction  of  Decimals. 

Write  down  the  numbers,  one  under  the 
other,  placing  those  of  the  same  value  under  each 
other;  or,  units  under  units,  tens  under  tens,  &c 
Likewise,  tenths  under  tcnthg,  hundredths  under 
hundredths,  and  then  add  or  subtract  as  in  addition 
or  subtraction  of  simple  or  whole  numbers. 

Let  the  decimal  jwint  in  the  sum,  or  remainder, 
fall  directly  under  those  in  the  sum. 

Multiplication  of  Decimals. 

To  Tpoint  off  in  Multiplication  of  Decimals. 

Multiply  the  same  as  in  whole  numbers,  and  point 
off  in  the  product,  for  decimal  places,  as  many 
figures  as  there  are  decimal  places  in  both  multiplier 
and  multiplicand,  counted  together. 

To  multiply  a  whole  number  by  a  decimal,  the 
product  is  less  than  the  mulliplicand ;  for  example, 
,5  multiplied  by  ,5  the  product  is  ,25. 

Division  of  Decimals. 

To  point  off  in  Division  of  Decimals  ,• 
Divide  the  same  as  in  whole  numbers,  and  point 
off  from  the  right  of  the  quotient,  for  decimals,  aa 
many  places  as  the  decimal  places  in   the  dividend 

'••• -      •  ■  -'      -' ■' 


I 


m 


70 


RULES    OF    ARITHMETIC 


That  the  dividend  numbers  o'er  the  divisor 
In  decimal  figures — and  if  the  supply  (sir) 
In  the  quotient,  of  figures,  deficient  you  find, 
To  the  left  of  the  quotient  let  ciphers  be  joined. 


Interest. 

Interest  is  a  certain  per  cent,  that's  allowed, 
For  the  use  of  money  on  the  lender  bestowed. 
The  principal 's  that,  which  is  loaned  or  lent. 
The  rate,  on  each  dollar,  is  called  the  per  cent. — 

It  is  Simple  and  Compound — The  rule  for  the  first 
Wnen  desired  for  one  year,  may  thus  be  rehearsed: 

nut,  E. 

First,  the  principal  multiply  by  the  rate  per  cent. 
And  divide  by  100  the  prodnct,  (attent) 
If  for  more  years  than  one,  the  product  it  bears 
Must  be  multiplied  by  the  number  of  years. 

If  the  interest  for  months,  in  your  sum  is  implied, 
By  12,  the  interest  of  one  year,  divide. 
And  the  quotient  by  the  number  of  months  multiplied, 
The  interest  in  full,  for  the  months  will  decide. 

If  the  use  of  your  money  for  days  you  would  see, 
The  amount  for  one  month  by  30  must  be 
Divided,  and  then  the  quotient  you  raise 
Be  multiplied  o'er  by  the  number  of  days  ; 
Add  the  days  and  the  months  and  the  years  all  in  one, 
And  the  answer  desired  will  be  the  whole  sum. 

Compound  Inte^^est. 

Now  interest  Compound,  to  you  I  will  show, 
'Tis  interest  on  interest  and  principal  too, 
Which  are  added  together  as  interest  is  due. 

RULE. 

First  find  the  amount  for  one  year,  the  same 
As  in  simple  interest,  the  rule  that  you've  seen. 
Then  this  is  the  principal  for  the  next  year. 
Which  agaih  you  compute  with  patience  and  care. 
And  agam  to  the  product  the  interest  unite, 
Which  becomes  for  the  third  year,  a  principal  quite. 

So  continue,  and  from  the  amount  of  the  last, 
Subtract  the  sum  loaned,  and  the  interest  is  cast. 


Rule  of  Tliree. 

Of  the  three  given  numbert^f^'rd  term  you  make 


Tl._4^  >.    ^t    ♦!»«    onn^A   IrinA    •oA^V.    -_-     — 

XJUav    o  \Jt     Vii^   isnutxv   stttt'x    TTtrei    inriT?   «,'f^trt:f     u^/ii-   kj^ 

And  then  just  consider  the  question  in  hand, 
Whether  greater  or  less,  the  answer  will  stand 


exceed  those  of  the  divisor ;  and  if  there  be  a  defi- 
ciency of  figures  in  the  quotient,  supply  such  defi. 
ciency  by  annexing  figures  to  the  left  of  tlie  quotient. 
To  divide  a  whole  number  by  a  decimal,  the 
quotient  is  greater  than  ihe  dividend :  for  example, 
250,  divided  by  ,5,  the  quotient  is  600. 

Interest 

Interest  is  a  per  cent,  paid  by  the  bor- 
rower to  the  lender,  for  the  use  of  money. 

The  sum  of  money  loaned  or  lent,  is  called  the 
principal. 

The  per  cent,  is  the  annual  amount  paid,  as  so 
many  dollars  for  the  use  of  a  hundred. 

nULB  FOR  SIMFLS  INTBRKST. 

Multiply  the  principal  by  the  rate  per  cent.,  and 
divide  the  product  by  one  hundred,  and  the  quotient 
is  the  interest  for  one  year. 

Multiply  this  last  by  the  number  of  years,  and  the 
product  is  the  interest  for  the  years. 

To  compute  the  in  tercel  for  months,- 

Divide  the  interest  of  one  year  by  13,  and  the  quo- 
tient is  the  interest  for  one  month ;  multiply  this  by 
the  number  of  months,  and'  the  product  is  the  interest 
for  the  months. 

To  cmnpnte  the  inlereift  for  days; 

Divide  the  interest  of  one  month  by  30,  the  num- 
ber of  days  in  a  month,  and  the  quotient  ii  the  interest 
for  one  day. 

Multiply  the  interest  of  one  day  by  the  number  of 
days,  and  the  product  is  rtie  interest  for  the  days. 

Add  the  days,  months,  and  years  together,  and  the 
amount  is  the  interest  required. 

Compound  Interest. 

Compound  IiiTERSSt,  is  interest  on  interest, 
where  the  interest  is  added  to  the  principal  at  the  end 
of  each  year,  as  it  becomes  due. 


KCLB. 


this 


First  find  the  amount  for  one  year,  and 
amount  is  the  principal  for  the  second  year. 

Then  perform,  v^ith  this  principal,  the  same  as  with 
the  first,  finding  the  amount  fer  the  second  year, 
which  amount  is  the  principal  for  the  third  year;  so 
continue  to  do,  finding  the  amount  for  each  year,  and 
from  the  last  ainonht,  subtract  the  sum  loaned,  and 
the  remainder  id  the  Compound  Interest  for  the 
number  of  years  re<}uired. 


Rule'  of  Three. 

Of  U.e  three  given  numbers,  make  that  the 
third  term  which  ia  of  the  nine  kind  with  the  answer 
sought. 

Then  consider,  from  the  nature  of  the  question, 
whether  the  answer  will  be  greater  or  less  than  the 
third  term. 


i 


RULES    OF    ARITHMETIC 


71 


Tlian  this  the  third  term, — If  greater  'tis  known 
That  i!)f  the  two  numbers  the  greater  comes  down 
For  the  term  that  is  second,  or  term  number  two ; 
While  the  less  number's/rs^  as  the  pencil  will  show. 

Butif  smaller  your  answer  than  term  number  three, 
Reverse  the  two  terms,  let  the  less  secrnid  be, 

Then  the  second  and  third  you  next  multiply, 
And  divide  by  the^iVs^  and  the  answer  is  nigh. 

Alligation. 

Alligation  is  mingling  or  mixing  together, 
Teas,  sugars  or  spirits  (and  one  thing  or  other). 
It  divides  itself  thus,  (now  be  sure  and  learn  it). 
Alligation  Medial,  Alligation  Alternate. 

Alligation  Medial. 

Alligation  Medial  is  finding  the  mean, 
The  middle  or  average  'twixt  either  extreme 
Of  several  simples,  some  less  and  some  greater  ; 
So  read  o'er  these  lines,  and  they  '11  learn  you  its 
nature. 

RULE. 

Supposing  a  merchant  has  three  kinds  of  tea, 
At  10  shillings,  5  shillings,  and  shillings  3, 
Which  he  wishes  to  mix  and  together  confound. 
And  then  wants  to  know  what's  the  worth  of  a  pound. 

Add  your  10  and  your  5  and  your  3  as  you  mix, 
And  divided  by  3,  the  quotient  is  6. 

Six  shilliags  per  pound,  price  of  the  mixture. 

Alligation  Alternate. 

Alligation  Alternate  is  the  rule  that  finds. 
What  quantity  of  any  number  of  simples  or  kinds, 
Whose  rates  are  all  given,  direct  as  we  state, 
To  compose  a  mixture  of  a  specified  rate. 

RULE. 

Arrange  in  a  column  your  rates  for  command. 
And  place  the  inean  rate  off  at  the  left  hand. 
Each  rate  that  is  less  than  the  middle  or  mean. 
Join  with  one  that  is  greater,  as  is  plain  to  be  seen. 
Place  the  difference  'tween  each  rate  and  mean  kind. 
Opposite  that  witli  which  it  is  joined. 

Square  Root. 

R  u  [,  i; . 

Divide  iwUi  periods  of  two  figures  each. 
The  number  you  know,  as  the  pedagogues  teach, — 

In  the  left  hand  period  find  the  greatest  square, 
Which  from  it  subtract,  and  to  what  remains  there 
Bring  the  next  period  dov^n  for  a  Dividend  (fair)  : 

Place  the  root  of  the  square  at  the  right  hand  of  all, 
And  two  times  the  root  a  Divisor  we  call. 


If  greater,  place  the  greater  of  the  two  remaining 
numbers  for  the  vecond  term. 

If  lens,  place  the  lesser  of  the  remaining  numbers, 
for  the  second  term. 

In  either  case,  multiply  the  second  and  third  terms 
together,  and  divide  by  the  first  term ;  and  the  quo- 
tient will  be  the  fourth  term,  or  answer. 


Alligation. 

Alligation  is  mixing  together  several  sim- 
ples of  different  qualities,  or  prices,  so  that  the  compo- 
sition may  be  of  some  intermediate  quality  or  price. 

It  is  of  two  kinds.  Alligation  Alternate,  and  Alli- 
gation Medial. 

f 

Alligation  Medial 

Alligation  Medial,  is  finding  the  mean  or 
average  proportion  or  price,  of  several  numbers  or 
prices. 


U  U  LK. 

Add  together  the  several  prices  or  ingredients,  and 
divide  the  amount  by  the  number  of  ingredients. 

Or  when  there  are  a  greater  number  than  one  of 
each  kind, 

Multiply  the  number  by  the  price,  set  the  products 
in  a  column,  add  the  several  products  together,  and 
divide  the  amount  by  the  amount  of  the  several 
ingredients,  and  the  quotient  is  the  mean  price  of  the 
composition. 

Alligation  Alternate. 

Alligation  Alternate  teaches  to  find 
what  quantity  of  any  number  of  simples,  whose 
rates  are  all  given,  will  compose  a  mixture  of  any 
specified  rate. 


Arrange  the  rates  of  the  simples  in  a  column  under 
each  other,  with  the  mean  price  at  the  lel\  hand. 

Connect  each  rate,  that  is  less  than  the  moan  rate, 
with  one  or  more  that  is  greater;  place  the  difii'rence 
between  each  rate  and  mean  price  opposite  that  with 
which  it  is  joined,  and  it  will  l>e  the  quantity  required. 


Square  Root. 

HULK. 

Divide  your  number  into  period*  of  two 
figures  each,  by  putting  a  point  over  the  unit  figure, 
and  6very  second  figure  from  the  place  of  units. 

Find  the  greatest  square  in  the  left  hand  period, 
and  put  the  result  in  the  root,  at  the  right  of  the 
number. 

Square  this  figure,  and  place  the  square  under 


■  r 


72 


RULES    OF    ARITHMETIC 


Then  try  the  Divisor,  see  how  many  times 
The  Dividend  holds  it  (by  prose  or  b}  rhymes). 
Of  its  ri{/ht.  hand  figxtre  exclusive,  you  know, 
And  writ«  in  the  root  the  number  't  will  go. 

Then  to  the  Divisor  the  sumejigtire  tie. 
And  by  the  same  figure  the  whole  multiply  ; 

The  product  then  take  from  the  Dividend  (penned). 
And  of  that  which  remains,  make  a  new  divid(?nd  ; 
^y  bringing  the  period  that'  s  next,  alont/  side, — 
And  for  a  Divisor  that 's  new  and  untried, 
Just  dotible  ihe  figures  that  stand  in  the  root, 
And  tvork  as  be/ore,  till  the  answer  is  got. 


Cube  Root. 

RULE. 

Your  number  divide,  as  I  shall  prescribe, 
In  periods  of  three  figures  each,  side  by  side, 

In  the  left  hand  period  the  greatest  cube  find, 
Put  its  root  in  the  quotient,  and  then  you  must  mind 
To  subtract  from  the  period,  the  Cube  that  is  found, 
And  by  what  remains,  the  next  period  bring  down 
For  a  dividend, — then  a  divisor  to  spy, 
By  300  your  quotient's  square  multiply ; 

Then  as  Simple  Division,  the  work  you  perform, 
But  subtract  not  the  product — let  this  be  forborne. 

Then  the  square  of  the  last  quotient  figure  espied, 
By  the  first  quotient  figure,  must  be  multiplied, 
And  the  answer  arising  by  30  be  tried  (or  multiplied). 
And  the  product  of  these  placed  under  the  last, 
That  units  and  tens  in  their  lines  mav  be  cast. 

Write  the  cube  of  the  last  quotient  sign,  under  all, 
And  the  amount  of  the  whole,  a  subtrahend  call, 
Which  you  must  subtract  from  the  dividend  o'er  it, 
And  by  what  remains  the  next  period  lower  it 
For  a  new  dividend,  with  which  you  proceed 
As  before,  till  the  root  in  the  quotient  you  read. 

Geometrical  Progression. 

The  first  term,  ratio,  and  number  of  terms  being 
given,  to  find  the  last  term. 

A  few  leading  powers  of  the  ratio  write  down. 
With  each  index  pla^-ed  o'er,  beginning  at  one. 
The  indices  whose  sum  as  the  rule  thus  informs. 
Shall  approach  within  one  of  the  number  of  terms, 
Stand  over  the  factors,  whose  product  must  be 
Multiplied  hytha  first  term,  and  the  last  term  we  se:.'. 


T  H  K      HUD. 


Ihp  left  hitnil  periiwl.  Tlipn  Bubtrnrt  it  therefrom,  and 
to  the  reiiiuiiuler  bring  down  tlie  next  period  fiir'a 
dividend. 

Double  llic  roflt,  already  found,  far  a  divisor,  or 
we  how  miiny  times  it  is  contained  in  the  dividend, 
exclusive  of  its  ri)|ht  hand  figure,  and  place  the  result 
in  the  root,  for  the  necond  figure  of  it,  and  likewise 
put  the  iwnie  figure  nt  the  right  hand  of  the  divisor. 

iVTultiply  the  divisor  with  the  last  figure  nnncxed, 
l>y  the  liiHt  pliM^d  in  tiie  rout,  and  oubtract  the  product 
from  the  divideml,  and  to  the  remainder  bring  down 
the  next  [leritxl  for  a  new  dividend. 

Double  the  fig[uri'H  already  found  in  the  root",  for  a 
nrw  divisor,  and  from  these  find  the  next  figure  in 
the  root,  as  Ian!  directed,  and  so  priKeed  till  th«  whole 
18  finished. 

Cube  Root. 

II  V  L  K  . 

Separate  the  given  numbers  into  periods  of 
three  figures  each,  by  putting  a  point  over  the  unit 
figure,  and  every  3d  figure  beyond  the  place  of  units. 

Find  the  greatest  cube  in  the  letl  hand  period,  and 
set  the  root  in  the  quotient. 

Subtract  the  culie,  thus  found,  from  the  aeM  period, 
and  to  the  remainder  bring  the  next  period  down  for 
a  dividend. 

Multiply  the  square  of  the  quotient  by  300,  calling 
it  the  divisor. 

Seek  how  many  times  the  divisor  may  dc  had  in 
the  dividend,  and  place  the  result  in  the  root ;  then 
multiply  the  divisor  by  this  quotient  figum,  and  write 
the  product  under  the  dividend. 

Multiply  the  square  of  this  quotient  figure  by  the 
former  figure  or  figures  of  the  root,  and  this  product 
by  .30,  and  place  the  product  under  the  last;  under 
all,  write  the  cul)e  of  this  quotient  figure,  and  suit- 
tract  the  amount  from  the  dividend,  and  to  the 
reinahuler  bring  down  the  next  period  for  u  new 
dividend,  with  which  proceed  as  Iwfore,  until  the  work 
is  finished. 


Geometrical  Progression, 
n  u  I,  F. , 

First  put  down  a  few  leading  powers  of  the 
ratio,  with  the  indices  plaacd  over  them,  liegiiiiiiiig 
at  one.  Add  the  most  couveniciit  imiiceH  togetber, 
to  make  an  index  one  less  than  the  iiuiniier  of  the 
term  sought. 

Multiply  together  the  powers  Iwloiii^'iiig  to  these 
indices,  and   their    pnxluct,  niultiplici    by  the  first  ' 
terra,  will  be  the  answiir. 


\ 


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a  divisor,  or 
the  dividend, 
ttce  the  result 
and  hkewisc 
if  the  <livisor.  . 
lire  aiinexcil, 
:t  the  proiluct 
r  bring  down 

he  roof,  for  a 
Bxt  figure  in 
till  th«  whole 


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)  periods  of 
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ilace  of  units, 
d  period,  and 

10  9a  kl  period, 
iod  down  for 

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ly  DC  had  in 
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iro,  and  write 

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